Multi-step food products (juice → concentrate → powder; seed → meal → isolate → textured protein; grain → flour → pasta) are reconstructed by chaining subprocess generators. Each generator holds a pool of peer-reviewed unit-process data; the cascade walker selects one plant per stage, tracks the substrate-side mass ratio through the chain, and rebases every flow to 1 kg of final product. This page documents every cascade, the study behind each processing step, and walks one example (orange → juice concentrate) end-to-end.
Every number here is regenerated from the live code + data by
scripts/build_cascade_docs.py — it cannot drift from the shipped
dataset. ← back to the dataset landing page
| Cascade categories | 45 processing chains |
| Shipped cascade products | 149 EDB activities routed through a chain |
| Subprocess generators | 13 unit-process pools (juice, pulping, drying, milling, extrusion, oil, …) |
| Functional unit | 1 kg final product at the factory gate |
| Data rule | every flow cites a source declared in its pool's _metadata.sources and resolved to the central literature library |
juice_concentrate)
maps to an ordered list of stages in product_cascade.CHAINS.product_properties.json, never from the equipment pool — to learn
how many kg enter each stage.gate_to_gate); a cradle-to-gate proxy links the upstream
crop/feed and bakes it in (cradle_to_gate_proxy).Category juice_concentrate, substrate
orange. The chain is
extraction→pasteurisation→concentration
.
Result: producing 1 kg of finished concentrate pulls 14.9192 kg of whole oranges and the combined gate-to-gate inventory below. Proxy substitutions in this run: 0.
The walker starts at 1 kg concentrate and works backward. Each stage's output per kg final is the cumulative mass ratio downstream of it; the extraction stage sits behind ~5.8 kg of pasteurised juice per kg concentrate, so its per-kg-juice flows are multiplied up accordingly.
extractionPlant selected: Italian orange cold-press plant (Beccali 2009) (pool juice_extraction). Mass ratio into this stage: 2.5707 kg input / kg stage output; this stage sits behind 5.8036 kg of output per kg final concentrate.
Flows (per kg final concentrate):
electricity_kwh | 0.13606 |
water_kg | 7.21045 |
wastewater_kg | 7.21045 |
| Pool field | Value | Source | Derivation |
|---|---|---|---|
cold_press.electricity_kwh_per_kg_fruit | 0.00912 kWh/kg fruit | beccali_2009 | Fig 1 (p. 713): orange extraction-only electricity. Selection & Washing 101,617 + Primary Extraction 95,678 + Refining/EO-line 29,033 + Centrifugation 128,011 + Refining/juice-line 29,033 = 383,372 MJ/yr ÷ 3.6 ÷ 11,675,973 kg = 0.00912 kWh/kg fruit. 100% electric. |
cold_press.natural_gas_mj_per_kg_fruit | 0.0 MJ/kg fruit | beccali_2009 | Extraction is 100% electric. All natural gas belongs to pasteurisation + concentration. |
cold_press.water_kg_per_kg_fruit | 0.4833 kg/kg fruit | beccali_2009 | Fig 1: 5,643,050 kg wash water / 11,675,973 kg fruit = 0.4833 kg/kg |
cold_press.wastewater_kg_per_kg_fruit | 0.4833 kg/kg fruit | beccali_2009 | [DERIVED — mass balance] Equal to water_kg_per_kg_fruit (0.4833). Fruit washing: incoming wash water leaves as wastewater (fruit does not absorb wash water meaningfully). Originating water source: beccali_2009. |
nfc_plant_florida.electricity_kwh_per_kg_fruit | 0.0658 kWh/kg fruit | dwivedi_2012 | Section 2.4: 0.11 kWh/L × 0.5983 L/kg fruit. Mass-allocated after subtracting feed mill + evaporator + FCOJ storage. |
nfc_plant_florida.natural_gas_mj_per_kg_fruit | 1.292 MJ/kg fruit | dwivedi_2012 | Section 2.4: 0.06 m³/L × 36 MJ/m³ × 0.5983 L/kg = 1.292 MJ/kg. Includes steam for pasteurisation, CIP, captive power. |
nfc_plant.electricity_kwh_per_kg_fruit | 0.0655 kWh/kg fruit | sense_d2_1_2013 | Table 2.4: 0.15 kWh/L ÷ 1.048 kg/L ÷ 2.185 kg orange/kg juice = 0.0655 kWh/kg fruit. Includes all plant electricity (extraction + CIP pumps + HTST + ancillary). |
nfc_plant.natural_gas_mj_per_kg_fruit | 0.2969 MJ/kg fruit | sense_d2_1_2013 | Table 2.4: 0.68 MJ/L ÷ 1.048 kg/L ÷ 2.185 = 0.2969 MJ/kg fruit. Includes HTST + CIP steam. Cf. US Florida: 2.18 MJ/L (3.2x higher). |
nfc_plant.water_kg_per_kg_fruit | 2.227 kg/kg fruit | sense_d2_1_2013 | Table 2.4: 5.1 L/L juice ÷ 1.048 ÷ 2.185 = 2.227 kg/kg fruit. Total plant water (CIP + process + washing). |
nfc_plant.wastewater_kg_per_kg_fruit | 2.227 kg/kg fruit | sense_d2_1_2013 | [DERIVED — mass balance] Equal to water_kg_per_kg_fruit (2.227). Fruit washing: incoming wash water leaves as wastewater (fruit does not absorb wash water meaningfully). Originating water source: sense_d2_1_2013. |
cold_press.electricity_kwh_per_kg_fruit was derived = 0.00912 kWh/kg fruitphysical relation A unit conversion or mass/energy balance that is true by physics — checkable with a calculator.
sum(electric energy into the five extraction-line unit operations, MJ/yr) / (3.6 MJ per kWh) / (annual fruit mass at plant intake, kg/yr) = electricity per kg fruit [kWh/kg]
Inputs — every number, and where to find it in the source:
| Value | What it is | Source | Where to find it | Search the PDF for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 101,617 MJ/yr | Electric energy into "Selection and Washing" | beccali_2009 | journal p. 713, Fig. 1 — "Electric energy" arrow entering the box "Selection and Washing" | 101,617 |
| 95,678 MJ/yr | Electric energy into "Primary Extraction" | beccali_2009 | journal p. 713, Fig. 1 — "Electric energy" arrow entering the box "Primary Extraction" | 95,678 |
| 29,033 MJ/yr | Electric energy into "Refining" on the ESSENTIAL OIL line (left branch) | beccali_2009 | journal p. 713, Fig. 1 — "Electric energy" arrow entering the box "Refining" on the ESSENTIAL OIL line (left branch) | 29,033 |
| 128,011 MJ/yr | Electric energy into "Centrifugation" on the essential-oil line | beccali_2009 | journal p. 713, Fig. 1 — "Electric energy" arrow entering the box "Centrifugation" on the essential-oil line | 128,011 |
| 29,033 MJ/yr | Electric energy into "Refining" on the JUICE line (right branch) | beccali_2009 | journal p. 713, Fig. 1 — "Electric energy" arrow entering the box "Refining" on the JUICE line (right branch) | 29,033 |
| 3.6 MJ/kWh | Energy unit conversion, 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ (SI definition) | — not from a source | derived / constant | not a printed value |
| 11,675,973 kg/yr | Annual orange mass AT PLANT INTAKE — the "Oranges" arrow leaving "Cultivation and crop", through "Oranges transport", into "Selection and Washing" | beccali_2009 | journal p. 713, Fig. 1 — "Oranges 11,675,973 kg" mass arrow into "Selection and Washing" | 11,675,973 |
Calculation:
| # | Expression | = | Why |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | selection_and_washing_mj + primary_extraction_mj + refining_essential_oil_mj + centrifugation_mj + refining_juice_mj | 383372 MJ/yr | Sum the electricity of the five unit operations inside our extraction-only boundary (washing + primary extraction + both refining steps + essential-oil centrifugation). Everything downstream (pasteurisation, concentration, packaging, refrigeration, transport) is EXCLUDED here and modelled by dedicated cascade stages. |
| 2 | total_electricity_mj_per_yr / mj_per_kwh | 106492.22222222222 kWh/yr | MJ -> kWh, exact SI conversion (1 kWh = 3.6 MJ). |
| 3 | total_electricity_kwh_per_yr / annual_fruit_intake_kg | 0.009120629366154086 kWh/kg fruit | Annual plant total / annual throughput -> per-kg factor. The divisor is the mass AT INTAKE, not the mass entering extraction. The exact quotient is carried here; the parameter publishes it rounded to 3 significant figures, and the validator absorbs that with its relative tolerance. |
Result: 0.00912 kWh/kg fruit — the value used by the cascade.
cold_press.natural_gas_mj_per_kg_fruit was derived = 0.0 MJ/kg fruitphysical relation A unit conversion or mass/energy balance that is true by physics — checkable with a calculator.
zero by boundary definition: no thermal (natural gas / methane) arrow enters any of the five unit operations inside the extraction-only boundary
Inputs — every number, and where to find it in the source:
| Value | What it is | Source | Where to find it | Search the PDF for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,182,805 MJ/yr | Methane into "Pasteurization and cooling" — OUTSIDE this boundary, listed here only to show where the plant's thermal energy actually goes | beccali_2009 | journal p. 713, Fig. 1 — "Methane 1,182,805 MJ" arrow entering the box "Pasteurization and cooling" | 1,182,805 |
| 2,414,559 MJ/yr | Methane into "Concentration and cooling" — OUTSIDE this boundary, attributed to the concentration cascade stage | beccali_2009 | journal p. 713, Fig. 1 — "Methane 2,414,559 MJ" arrow entering the box "Concentration and cooling" on the concentrated-juice line | 2,414,559 |
| 0.0 MJ/yr | Thermal energy entering the five extraction-line unit operations: none. Every "Methane" and "Steam from boiler" arrow in the figure attaches to a box downstream of extraction. | beccali_2009 | journal p. 713, Fig. 1 — absence of any thermal arrow into "Selection and Washing", "Primary Extraction", either "Refining" box, or "Centrifugation" | not a printed value |
Calculation:
| # | Expression | = | Why |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | thermal_energy_inside_extraction_boundary | 0.0 MJ/kg fruit | Extraction is 100% electric in this plant. The value is zero because the boundary excludes every thermal operation, NOT because the plant uses no gas — it uses a great deal. |
Result: 0.0 MJ/kg fruit — the value used by the cascade.
cold_press.water_kg_per_kg_fruit was derived = 0.4833 kg/kg fruitphysical relation A unit conversion or mass/energy balance that is true by physics — checkable with a calculator.
annual wash water into "Selection and Washing" (kg/yr) / annual fruit mass at plant intake (kg/yr) = wash water per kg fruit [kg/kg]
Inputs — every number, and where to find it in the source:
| Value | What it is | Source | Where to find it | Search the PDF for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,643,050 kg/yr | Water into "Selection and Washing" | beccali_2009 | journal p. 713, Fig. 1 — "Water 5,643,050 kg" arrow entering the box "Selection and Washing" | 5,643,050 |
| 11,675,973 kg/yr | Annual orange mass at plant intake | beccali_2009 | journal p. 713, Fig. 1 — "Oranges 11,675,973 kg" mass arrow into "Selection and Washing" | 11,675,973 |
Calculation:
| # | Expression | = | Why |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | annual_wash_water_kg / annual_fruit_intake_kg | 0.4833044749247022 kg/kg fruit | Annual plant total / annual throughput -> per-kg factor, on the same intake-mass basis as the electricity factor. Exact quotient carried here; parameter publishes it rounded. |
Result: 0.4833 kg/kg fruit — the value used by the cascade.
pasteurisationPlant selected: Beccali 2009 Fig 1 orange HTST pasteurisation (pool pasteurisation). Mass ratio into this stage: 1.0000 kg input / kg stage output; this stage sits behind 5.8036 kg of output per kg final concentrate.
Flows (per kg final concentrate):
natural_gas_mj | 2.07362 |
electricity_kwh | 0.09106 |
cooling_water_kg | 2.31446 |
| Pool field | Value | Source | Derivation |
|---|---|---|---|
htst.natural_gas_mj_per_kg_pasteurised | 0.3573 MJ/kg juice | beccali_2009 | Fig 1: 1,182,805 MJ methane / 3,309,840 kg juice = 0.3573 MJ/kg. Total boiler input (not post-regeneration). Plant-measured consumption includes whatever heat recovery the plant had. |
htst.electricity_kwh_per_kg_pasteurised | 0.01569 kWh/kg juice | beccali_2009 | Fig 1: 186,958 MJ / 3.6 / 3,309,840 kg = 0.01569 kWh/kg juice. Pumps, controls, cooling circulation. |
htst.cooling_water_kg_per_kg_pasteurised | 0.3988 kg/kg juice | beccali_2009 | Fig 1: 1,320,000 / 3,309,840 = 0.3988 kg/kg juice |
concentrationPlant selected: Beccali 2009 Fig 1 orange multi-effect evaporation (pool concentration). Mass ratio into this stage: 5.8036 kg input / kg stage output; this stage sits behind 1.0000 kg of output per kg final concentrate.
Flows (per kg final concentrate):
natural_gas_mj | 8.76171 |
electricity_kwh | 0.16813 |
cooling_water_kg | 14.65089 |
condensate_water_kg | 4.80357 |
| Pool field | Value | Source | Derivation |
|---|---|---|---|
multi_effect_evaporation.natural_gas_mj_per_kg_concentrate | 7.295 MJ/kg concentrate | beccali_2009 | Fig 1: 2,414,559 MJ / 330,984 kg = 7.295 MJ/kg concentrate. |
multi_effect_evaporation.electricity_kwh_per_kg_concentrate | 0.14 kWh/kg concentrate | beccali_2009 | Fig 1: 166,819 MJ / 3.6 / 330,984 kg = 0.1400 kWh/kg conc. |
multi_effect_evaporation.cooling_water_kg_per_kg_concentrate | 12.21 kg/kg concentrate | beccali_2009 | Fig 1: 4,040,100 / 330,984 = 12.21 kg/kg conc |
multi_effect_evaporation.thermal_mj_per_kg_water | 1.824 MJ/kg water evaporated | beccali_2009 | 2,414,559 / 1,323,936 = 1.824 MJ/kg water. Identical for both citrus types -- same equipment. |
multi_effect_evaporation.electricity_kwh_per_kg_water_evaporated | 0.035 kWh/kg water evaporated | beccali_2009 | [DERIVED] 0.14 kWh/kg concentrate / 4.0 kg water/kg concentrate = 0.035 kWh/kg water. |
multi_effect_evaporation.cooling_water_kg_per_kg_water_evaporated | 3.05 kg cooling water per kg water evaporated | beccali_2009 | 12.21 kg cooling / 4.0 kg water evap = 3.05. |
electricity_kwh | 0.39525 |
water_kg | 7.21045 |
wastewater_kg | 7.21045 |
natural_gas_mj | 10.83533 |
cooling_water_kg | 16.96536 |
condensate_water_kg | 4.80357 |
Energy CO₂ flows through BAFU technosphere exchanges (Pattern A composite LCI); the numbers above are the physical energy/water demands the cascade attributes to the concentrate. Add the linked upstream orange feedstock (cradle_to_gate_proxy) for the full cradle-to-gate footprint.
Production chains (routed by a shipped EDB activity) first, then forward-investment chains that exist in the registry but are not yet routed to a product.
crude_oilproduction · 23 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
oil_extraction | Mechanical pressing / solvent extraction of crude oil + meal. | oil_extraction | bantacut_2025, bussa_2020, carre_2012, cheng_2018, demarco_2020, deng_2016, gaglio_2019, hise_1980, martinez_2013, martinez_2017, nilsson_2010, nopa_2024, proietti_2017, quinsac_2015, subramaniam_2010, yani_2022 |
flourproduction · 23 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
grain_milling | Roller / disc milling of grain to flour / semolina / meal. | grain_milling | goyal_2012_rice-milling, sabur_2019, uk_flour_millers_2024 |
juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removedproduction · 13 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
concentration | Multi-effect evaporation removing water to a target Brix. | concentration | adal_2024, beccali_2009, zimmer_2017 |
dried_fruitproduction · 12 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
refined_oilproduction · 10 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
oil_extraction | Mechanical pressing / solvent extraction of crude oil + meal. | oil_extraction | bantacut_2025, bussa_2020, carre_2012, cheng_2018, demarco_2020, deng_2016, gaglio_2019, hise_1980, martinez_2013, martinez_2017, nilsson_2010, nopa_2024, proietti_2017, quinsac_2015, subramaniam_2010, yani_2022 |
oil_refining | Degumming, neutralisation, bleaching, deodorising of crude oil. | oil_refining | gaglio_2019, nilsson_2010, nopa_2024, yani_2022 |
juice_concentrateproduction · 8 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
extraction | Cold-press / in-line extraction of juice from washed fruit. | juice_extraction | beccali_2009, dwivedi_2012, faucher_2020, khanali_2020, sense_d2_1_2013, zimmer_2017 |
pasteurisation | HTST heat treatment to stabilise the liquid. | pasteurisation | beccali_2009, cacace_2020, eu_bref_fdm_2019, landi_2025, le_feon_2023 |
concentration | Multi-effect evaporation removing water to a target Brix. | concentration | adal_2024, beccali_2009, zimmer_2017 |
spray_dried_powder_from_concentrateproduction · 7 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
concentration | Multi-effect evaporation removing water to a target Brix. | concentration | adal_2024, beccali_2009, zimmer_2017 |
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:spray | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
drum_dried_powderproduction · 6 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:drum | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
pasteurised_juiceproduction · 6 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
extraction | Cold-press / in-line extraction of juice from washed fruit. | juice_extraction | beccali_2009, dwivedi_2012, faucher_2020, khanali_2020, sense_d2_1_2013, zimmer_2017 |
pasteurisation | HTST heat treatment to stabilise the liquid. | pasteurisation | beccali_2009, cacace_2020, eu_bref_fdm_2019, landi_2025, le_feon_2023 |
dry_pastaproduction · 4 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
grain_milling | Roller / disc milling of grain to flour / semolina / meal. co-product: semolina | grain_milling | goyal_2012_rice-milling, sabur_2019, uk_flour_millers_2024 |
preparation:whole_line | Wash / sort / dice / mix / form unit operations on a line. tier: industrial | preparation | bevilacqua_2007, ilari_2019, karakaya_2011, paolotti_2023, rasines_2023, giner_santonja_2019, sabur_2019_2 |
fresh_cut_vegetable_lineproduction · 4 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
preparation:whole_line | Wash / sort / dice / mix / form unit operations on a line. tech: preparation:whole_line:fresh_cut | preparation | bevilacqua_2007, ilari_2019, karakaya_2011, paolotti_2023, rasines_2023, giner_santonja_2019, sabur_2019_2 |
pasteurised_plant_drinkproduction · 4 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
plant_drink_processing | Wet-milling + formulation of a plant-based drink. | plant_drink_processing | floren_2013, grant_2018 |
pasteurisation | HTST heat treatment to stabilise the liquid. | pasteurisation | beccali_2009, cacace_2020, eu_bref_fdm_2019, landi_2025, le_feon_2023 |
sundried_fruitproduction · 4 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:sundrying | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
textured_protein_pulse_wet_routeproduction · 4 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. co-product: wet_protein_isolate · tech: isoelectric_protein | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:spray | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
protein_extrusion | Low- or high-moisture extrusion of protein isolate to texturate. tech: lm_extrusion | protein_extrusion | aimutis_2024, fang_2014_hmme_sme, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, saerens_2021_extrusion, smetana_2015, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion, smetana_2015, aimutis_2024, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion |
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:hot_air | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
freeze_dried_fruitproduction · 3 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:freeze | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
juice_extractionproduction · 3 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
extraction | Cold-press / in-line extraction of juice from washed fruit. | juice_extraction | beccali_2009, dwivedi_2012, faucher_2020, khanali_2020, sense_d2_1_2013, zimmer_2017 |
puree_concentrateproduction · 3 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
pulping | Crushing + refining fruit/vegetable to a strained purée. | pulping | eslami_2023, karakaya_2011, singh_1980 |
concentration | Multi-effect evaporation removing water to a target Brix. | concentration | adal_2024, beccali_2009, zimmer_2017 |
pureeproduction · 2 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
pulping | Crushing + refining fruit/vegetable to a strained purée. | pulping | eslami_2023, karakaya_2011, singh_1980 |
spray_dried_powderproduction · 2 products| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:spray | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
dry_pasta_artisanalproduction · 1 product| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
grain_milling | Roller / disc milling of grain to flour / semolina / meal. co-product: semolina | grain_milling | goyal_2012_rice-milling, sabur_2019, uk_flour_millers_2024 |
preparation:whole_line | Wash / sort / dice / mix / form unit operations on a line. tier: artisan | preparation | bevilacqua_2007, ilari_2019, karakaya_2011, paolotti_2023, rasines_2023, giner_santonja_2019, sabur_2019_2 |
flour_from_mealproduction · 1 product| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
oil_extraction | Mechanical pressing / solvent extraction of crude oil + meal. co-product: meal | oil_extraction | bantacut_2025, bussa_2020, carre_2012, cheng_2018, demarco_2020, deng_2016, gaglio_2019, hise_1980, martinez_2013, martinez_2017, nilsson_2010, nopa_2024, proietti_2017, quinsac_2015, subramaniam_2010, yani_2022 |
grain_milling | Roller / disc milling of grain to flour / semolina / meal. | grain_milling | goyal_2012_rice-milling, sabur_2019, uk_flour_millers_2024 |
frozen_french_beanproduction · 1 product| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
preparation:whole_line | Wash / sort / dice / mix / form unit operations on a line. tech: preparation:whole_line:frozen_vegetable | preparation | bevilacqua_2007, ilari_2019, karakaya_2011, paolotti_2023, rasines_2023, giner_santonja_2019, sabur_2019_2 |
pasteurised_pureeproduction · 1 product| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
pulping | Crushing + refining fruit/vegetable to a strained purée. | pulping | eslami_2023, karakaya_2011, singh_1980 |
pasteurisation | HTST heat treatment to stabilise the liquid. | pasteurisation | beccali_2009, cacace_2020, eu_bref_fdm_2019, landi_2025, le_feon_2023 |
rehydrated_textured_proteinproduction · 1 product| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
rehydration | Dilute a concentrate / soak a dry solid back to product moisture. | rehydration | singh_1980 |
strawberry_coulisproduction · 1 product| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
pulping | Crushing + refining fruit/vegetable to a strained purée. | pulping | eslami_2023, karakaya_2011, singh_1980 |
coulis_formulation | Blend purée with cane sugar to an open coulis recipe. | pulping | eslami_2023, karakaya_2011, singh_1980 |
pasteurisation | HTST heat treatment to stabilise the liquid. | pasteurisation | beccali_2009, cacace_2020, eu_bref_fdm_2019, landi_2025, le_feon_2023 |
textured_protein_oilseed_route_hmproduction · 1 product| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
oil_extraction | Mechanical pressing / solvent extraction of crude oil + meal. co-product: meal | oil_extraction | bantacut_2025, bussa_2020, carre_2012, cheng_2018, demarco_2020, deng_2016, gaglio_2019, hise_1980, martinez_2013, martinez_2017, nilsson_2010, nopa_2024, proietti_2017, quinsac_2015, subramaniam_2010, yani_2022 |
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. co-product: wet_protein_isolate · tech: isoelectric_protein | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:spray | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
protein_extrusion | Low- or high-moisture extrusion of protein isolate to texturate. tech: hmme_extrusion | protein_extrusion | aimutis_2024, fang_2014_hmme_sme, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, saerens_2021_extrusion, smetana_2015, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion, smetana_2015, aimutis_2024, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion |
textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hmproduction · 1 product| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. co-product: wet_protein_isolate · tech: isoelectric_protein | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:spray | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
protein_extrusion | Low- or high-moisture extrusion of protein isolate to texturate. tech: hmme_extrusion | protein_extrusion | aimutis_2024, fang_2014_hmme_sme, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, saerens_2021_extrusion, smetana_2015, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion, smetana_2015, aimutis_2024, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion |
canned_diced_tomatoforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
preparation:washing | Wash / sort / dice / mix / form unit operations on a line. | preparation | bevilacqua_2007, ilari_2019, karakaya_2011, paolotti_2023, rasines_2023, giner_santonja_2019, sabur_2019_2 |
preparation:sorting | Wash / sort / dice / mix / form unit operations on a line. | preparation | bevilacqua_2007, ilari_2019, karakaya_2011, paolotti_2023, rasines_2023, giner_santonja_2019, sabur_2019_2 |
preparation:dicing | Wash / sort / dice / mix / form unit operations on a line. | preparation | bevilacqua_2007, ilari_2019, karakaya_2011, paolotti_2023, rasines_2023, giner_santonja_2019, sabur_2019_2 |
clarified_juiceforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
extraction | Cold-press / in-line extraction of juice from washed fruit. | juice_extraction | beccali_2009, dwivedi_2012, faucher_2020, khanali_2020, sense_d2_1_2013, zimmer_2017 |
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
clarified_juice_concentrateforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
extraction | Cold-press / in-line extraction of juice from washed fruit. | juice_extraction | beccali_2009, dwivedi_2012, faucher_2020, khanali_2020, sense_d2_1_2013, zimmer_2017 |
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
pasteurisation | HTST heat treatment to stabilise the liquid. | pasteurisation | beccali_2009, cacace_2020, eu_bref_fdm_2019, landi_2025, le_feon_2023 |
concentration | Multi-effect evaporation removing water to a target Brix. | concentration | adal_2024, beccali_2009, zimmer_2017 |
juiceforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
extraction | Cold-press / in-line extraction of juice from washed fruit. | juice_extraction | beccali_2009, dwivedi_2012, faucher_2020, khanali_2020, sense_d2_1_2013, zimmer_2017 |
juice_from_concentrateforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
extraction | Cold-press / in-line extraction of juice from washed fruit. | juice_extraction | beccali_2009, dwivedi_2012, faucher_2020, khanali_2020, sense_d2_1_2013, zimmer_2017 |
pasteurisation | HTST heat treatment to stabilise the liquid. | pasteurisation | beccali_2009, cacace_2020, eu_bref_fdm_2019, landi_2025, le_feon_2023 |
concentration | Multi-effect evaporation removing water to a target Brix. | concentration | adal_2024, beccali_2009, zimmer_2017 |
rehydration | Dilute a concentrate / soak a dry solid back to product moisture. | rehydration | singh_1980 |
pasteurisation | HTST heat treatment to stabilise the liquid. | pasteurisation | beccali_2009, cacace_2020, eu_bref_fdm_2019, landi_2025, le_feon_2023 |
pasteurised_clarified_juiceforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
extraction | Cold-press / in-line extraction of juice from washed fruit. | juice_extraction | beccali_2009, dwivedi_2012, faucher_2020, khanali_2020, sense_d2_1_2013, zimmer_2017 |
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
pasteurisation | HTST heat treatment to stabilise the liquid. | pasteurisation | beccali_2009, cacace_2020, eu_bref_fdm_2019, landi_2025, le_feon_2023 |
pasteurised_puree_concentrateforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
pulping | Crushing + refining fruit/vegetable to a strained purée. | pulping | eslami_2023, karakaya_2011, singh_1980 |
pasteurisation | HTST heat treatment to stabilise the liquid. | pasteurisation | beccali_2009, cacace_2020, eu_bref_fdm_2019, landi_2025, le_feon_2023 |
concentration | Multi-effect evaporation removing water to a target Brix. | concentration | adal_2024, beccali_2009, zimmer_2017 |
plant_drinkforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
plant_drink_processing | Wet-milling + formulation of a plant-based drink. | plant_drink_processing | floren_2013, grant_2018 |
protein_concentrate_pulse_routeforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. co-product: protein_concentrate · tech: dry_fractionation_protein | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
protein_isolate_oilseed_routeforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
oil_extraction | Mechanical pressing / solvent extraction of crude oil + meal. co-product: meal | oil_extraction | bantacut_2025, bussa_2020, carre_2012, cheng_2018, demarco_2020, deng_2016, gaglio_2019, hise_1980, martinez_2013, martinez_2017, nilsson_2010, nopa_2024, proietti_2017, quinsac_2015, subramaniam_2010, yani_2022 |
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. co-product: wet_protein_isolate · tech: isoelectric_protein | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
protein_isolate_oilseed_route_dryforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
oil_extraction | Mechanical pressing / solvent extraction of crude oil + meal. co-product: meal | oil_extraction | bantacut_2025, bussa_2020, carre_2012, cheng_2018, demarco_2020, deng_2016, gaglio_2019, hise_1980, martinez_2013, martinez_2017, nilsson_2010, nopa_2024, proietti_2017, quinsac_2015, subramaniam_2010, yani_2022 |
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. co-product: wet_protein_isolate · tech: isoelectric_protein | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:spray | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
protein_isolate_pulse_routeforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. co-product: wet_protein_isolate · tech: isoelectric_protein | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
protein_isolate_pulse_route_dryforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. co-product: wet_protein_isolate · tech: isoelectric_protein | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:spray | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
semolinaforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
grain_milling | Roller / disc milling of grain to flour / semolina / meal. | grain_milling | goyal_2012_rice-milling, sabur_2019, uk_flour_millers_2024 |
spray_driedforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
textured_proteinforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
protein_extrusion | Low- or high-moisture extrusion of protein isolate to texturate. | protein_extrusion | aimutis_2024, fang_2014_hmme_sme, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, saerens_2021_extrusion, smetana_2015, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion, smetana_2015, aimutis_2024, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion |
textured_protein_oilseed_routeforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
oil_extraction | Mechanical pressing / solvent extraction of crude oil + meal. co-product: meal | oil_extraction | bantacut_2025, bussa_2020, carre_2012, cheng_2018, demarco_2020, deng_2016, gaglio_2019, hise_1980, martinez_2013, martinez_2017, nilsson_2010, nopa_2024, proietti_2017, quinsac_2015, subramaniam_2010, yani_2022 |
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. co-product: wet_protein_isolate · tech: isoelectric_protein | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:spray | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
protein_extrusion | Low- or high-moisture extrusion of protein isolate to texturate. tech: lm_extrusion | protein_extrusion | aimutis_2024, fang_2014_hmme_sme, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, saerens_2021_extrusion, smetana_2015, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion, smetana_2015, aimutis_2024, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion |
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:hot_air | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
textured_protein_pulse_dry_routeforward-investment| Stage | Does | Generator pool | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
separation | Membrane UF or dry/wet protein fractionation of a feed stream. co-product: protein_concentrate · tech: dry_fractionation_protein | separation | aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, guyomarch_2025, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020, zimmer_2017, aimutis_2024, berardy_2015, cosucra_2024, heusala_2020, khanali_2020, lie_piang_2021, vogelsang_odwyer_2020 |
protein_extrusion | Low- or high-moisture extrusion of protein isolate to texturate. tech: lm_extrusion | protein_extrusion | aimutis_2024, fang_2014_hmme_sme, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, saerens_2021_extrusion, smetana_2015, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion, smetana_2015, aimutis_2024, huang_2024_soy_extrusion_review, webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion |
drying | Hot-air / drum / spray / freeze / sun drying to a storable moisture. tech: drying:hot_air | drying | de_marco_2015_3, first_principles_solar_passive, goncalves_2023, iannone_2020, prosapio_2017, schuck_2015, ziegler_2020 |
Every source handle cited by a cascade stage, resolved against the shared literature library in lci-workbench/data/literature/. DOIs link to the published source.
bantacut_2025 — bantacut_2025bussa_2020 — bussa_2020carre_2012 — carre_2012cheng_2018 — Cheng (2018) — Environmental impact assessment of soybean oil production: Extruding-expelling process, hexane extraction and aqueous extraction — doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2018.01.001demarco_2020 — Demarco (2020) — Overview of the soybean process in the crushing industry — doi:10.1051/ocl/2020047deng_2016 — deng_2016gaglio_2019 — Gaglio (2019) — Life Cycle Assessment of Maize-Germ Oil Production and the Use of Bioenergy to Mitigate Environmental Impacts: A Gate-To-Gate Case Study — doi:10.3390/resources8020060hise_1980 — Billy R. Hise (1980) — Cottonseed Oil Mill Simulation Model: Documentation and User's Guide — doi:10.22004/ag.econ.259787martinez_2013 — Martinez ML et al. (2013) — Screw press extraction of almond (Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb): Oil recovery and oxidative stability — doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.05.010martinez_2017 — Martínez ML et al. (2017) — Walnut and almond oil screw-press extraction at industrial scale: Effects of process parameters on oil yield and quality — doi:10.3989/gya.0554171nilsson_2010 — Nilsson (2010) — Comparative life cycle assessment of margarine and butter consumed in the UK, Germany and France — doi:10.1007/s11367-010-0220-3nopa_2024 — nopa_2024 — doi:10.1007/s11367-023-02186-6proietti_2017 — proietti_2017quinsac_2015 — Quinsac; Carre; Fine (2015) — Combining pelletizing to cold pressing in the rapeseed crushing process improves energy balance and the meal and oil quality — doi:10.1002/ejlt.201400495subramaniam_2010 — subramaniam_2010yani_2022 — Yani (2022) — Life cycle assessment of coconut oil product — doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1063/1/012017goyal_2012_rice-milling — Goyal; Jogdand; Agrawal (2012) — Energy use pattern in rice milling industries -- a critical appraisal — doi:10.1007/s13197-012-0747-3sabur_2019 — Amira Ladha-Sabur; Stephen Bakalis; Peter J. Fryer; Elke Methven (2019) — Mapping energy consumption in food manufacturing — doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2018.02.017uk_flour_millers_2024 — uk_flour_millers_2024adal_2024 — adal (2024) — Adal S. & Erbay Z. (2024) — doi:10.1002/fes3.70019beccali_2009 — beccali (2009) — Beccali M., Cellura M., Iudicello M. & Mistretta M. (2009) — doi:10.1007/s00267-008-9251-yzimmer_2017 — zimmer (2017) — Zimmer E. (2017) ""Optimal use of resources and energy during fruit juice extraction."" FRUIT PROCESSING, January 2017, pp. 12-16. (Bucher Unipektin AG)de_marco_2015_3 — De Marco (2015) — Environmental assessment of drying methods for the production of apple powders — doi:10.1007/s11367-015-0971-yfirst_principles_solar_passive — first_principles_solar_passivegoncalves_2023 — goncalves_2023iannone_2020 — Iannone; Riemma; De Marco (2020) — A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment Study on Conservation of Semi-Finished Peaches — doi:10.3303/CET2079032prosapio_2017 — Prosapio (2017) — Optimization of freeze-drying using a Life Cycle Assessment approach: strawberries' case study — doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.125schuck_2015 — Pierre Schuck et al. (2015) — Energy Consumption in the Processing of Dairy and Feed Powders by Evaporation and Drying — doi:10.1080/07373937.2014.942913ziegler_2020 — Ziegler (2020) — Primary energy demand and energy costs of fixed-bed drying using the example of chamomile flowers — doi:10.1080/07373937.2019.1580290dwivedi_2012 — dwivedi (2012) — Dwivedi P., Spreen T., Goodrich-Schneider R. (2012) — doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2012.01.006faucher_2020 — faucher (2020) — Faucher M., Henaux L., Chaudron C., Mikhaylin S., Margni M., Bazinet L. (2019) ""Electromembrane approach to substantially improve the ecoefficiency of deacidified cranberry juice production."" Journal of Food Engineering, 109802. — doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109802khanali_2020 — khanali (2020) — Khanali M. et al. (2020) — doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118997sense_d2_1_2013 — sense (2013) — Doublet G., Jungbluth N., Stucki M. & Schori S. (2013)cacace_2020 — cacace (2020) — Cacace F., Bottani E., Rizzi A., Vignali G. (2020) ""Evaluation of the economic and environmental sustainability of high pressure processing of foods."" Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 102281. — doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102281eu_bref_fdm_2019 — eu (2019) — European Commission — JRC (2019)landi_2025 — landi (2025) — Landi G., Benedetti M., Sforzini M., Eslami E., Pataro G. (2025) ""Comparative Analysis of Cost, Energy Efficiency, and Environmental Impact of Pulsed Electric Fields and Conventional Thermal Treatment with Integrated Heat Recovery for Fruit Juice Pasteurization."" Foods 14:2239. — doi:10.3390/foods14132239le_feon_2023 — le (2023) — Le Féon S., Benezech T., Yannou-Le Bris G., Aubin J., Sampers I., Herreman D., Penicaud C. (2023) — doi:10.57745/SA0IXWbevilacqua_2007 — Bevilacqua M; Braglia M; Carmignani G; Zammori F (2007) — Life Cycle Assessment of Pasta Production in Italy — doi:10.1111/j.1745-4557.2007.00170.xilari_2019 — Ilari, A.; Duca, D.; Toscano, G.; Foppa Pedretti, E. (2019) — Evaluation of cradle to gate environmental impact of frozen green bean production by means of life cycle assessment — doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117638karakaya_2011 — karakaya (2011) — Karakaya A. & Ozilgen M. (2011) — doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.06.007paolotti_2023 — Paolotti, L. et al. (2023) — Evaluating Environmental Sustainability of Pasta Production through the Method LCA — doi:10.2478/rtuect-2023-0044rasines_2023 — Rasines (2023) — Environmental and economic sustainability of fresh-cut and precooked vegetables — doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162169giner_santonja_2019 — Giner Santonja (2019) — Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Food, Drink and Milk Industries — doi:10.2760/243911sabur_2019_2 — Ladha-Sabur; Bakalis; Fryer; Lopez-Quiroga (2019) — Mapping energy consumption in food manufacturing — doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.034floren_2013 — floren (2013) — Florén B., Nilsson K., Wallman M. (2013) ""LCA of oat drink."" SIK Report No. 831, Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology (SIK), Gothenburg. Internal report for Oatly AB. January 2013.grant_2018 — grant (2018) — Grant C.A., Hicks A.L. (2018) ""Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Milk and Plant-Based Alternatives."" Environmental Engineering Science, Mary Ann Liebert. 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