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"rehydrated_textured_protein", "spray_dried_powder", "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "strawberry_coulis", "sundried_fruit", "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm" ], "sources": [ "eu_bref_fdm_2019" ], "low_confidence": true, "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED_FALLBACK" }, { "review_id": "R-a76123", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/spinelli_2012_sunflower_mill", "generator": "consumables", "plant_name": "Sunflower oil-mill mechanical-line lubricant proxy (Spinelli 2012)", "n_used_by": 35, "n_used_by_products": 35, "n_valued_flows": 1, "used_by_categories": [ "crude_oil", "flour_from_meal", "refined_oil", "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm" ], "sources": [ "spinelli_2012" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "DRAFT" }, { "review_id": "R-86a1d9", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/adenan_2015_palm_oil_mill", "generator": "infrastructure", "plant_name": "Adenan 2015 Malaysian palm oil mill (FFB sterilisation + screw press)", "n_used_by": 35, "n_used_by_products": 35, "n_valued_flows": 1, "used_by_categories": [ "crude_oil", "flour_from_meal", "refined_oil", "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm" ], "sources": [ "adenan_2015" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED" }, { "review_id": "R-835377", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/bref_2019_european_dairy_cheese", "generator": "consumables", "plant_name": "Dairy CIP overhead (BREF FDM 2019 Table 5.4, cheese row; cross-referenced against Tetra Pak 2024 Dairy Processing Handbook)", "n_used_by": 19, "n_used_by_products": 19, "n_valued_flows": 4, "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "pasteurised_juice", "pasteurised_plant_drink", "pasteurised_puree", "strawberry_coulis" ], "sources": [ "eu_bref_fdm_2019" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "AI-VERIFIED" }, { "review_id": "R-c927b1", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/cacace_2020_orange_juice_pasteuriser_tp_indirect", "generator": "infrastructure", "plant_name": "Cacace 2020 orange juice pasteuriser, TP-indirect plate-HEX variant (5,000 kg plate-HEX equipment only, Parma, Italy)", "n_used_by": 19, "n_used_by_products": 19, "n_valued_flows": 1, "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "pasteurised_juice", "pasteurised_plant_drink", "pasteurised_puree", "strawberry_coulis" ], "sources": [ "cacace_2020" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED" }, { "review_id": "R-1917ff", "entry_path": "drying/generic_fruit/hot_air_tunnel_industrial", "generator": "drying", "plant_name": "Industrial convective hot-air tunnel/belt dryer (fruit & vegetable, continuous single/partial-recirculation)", "n_used_by": 12, "n_used_by_products": 12, "n_valued_flows": 2, "used_by_categories": [ "dried_fruit", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route" ], "sources": [ "de_marco_2015_3", "not_available" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "" }, { "review_id": "R-de7d32", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/delborghi_2014_italian_tomato_processing", "generator": "consumables", "plant_name": "Italian tomato processing whole-plant CIP overhead (Delborghi 2014)", "n_used_by": 7, "n_used_by_products": 7, "n_valued_flows": 4, "used_by_categories": [ "pasteurised_puree", "puree", "puree_concentrate", "strawberry_coulis" ], "sources": [ "delborghi_2014" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "VERIFIED" }, { "review_id": "R-7177ee", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/le_feon_2023_belgian_apple_cooperative", "generator": "consumables", "plant_name": "Small-scale organic apple juice line CIP overhead", "n_used_by": 7, "n_used_by_products": 7, "n_valued_flows": 2, "used_by_categories": [ "dry_pasta_artisanal", "juice_concentrate", "pasteurised_juice" ], "sources": [ "le_feon_2023" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "VERIFIED" }, { "review_id": "R-d59191", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/sense_d2_1_zuvamesa_citrus_juice", "generator": "consumables", "plant_name": "Spanish Zuvamesa juice plant CIP overhead", "n_used_by": 6, "n_used_by_products": 6, "n_valued_flows": 2, "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "juice_extraction", "pasteurised_juice" ], "sources": [ "sense_d2_1_2013" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "VERIFIED" }, { "review_id": "R-2d56f5", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/guyomarch_2025_faba_isoelectric_pilot", "generator": "infrastructure", "plant_name": "Guyomarch 2025 IMPROVE SAS faba isoelectric protein pilot (France)", "n_used_by": 6, "n_used_by_products": 6, "n_valued_flows": 1, "used_by_categories": [ "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm" ], "sources": [ "guyomarch_2025" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED" }, { "review_id": "R-8c146b", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/floren_2013_oatly_landskrona", "generator": "consumables", "plant_name": "Oatly Landskrona UHT aseptic line CIP overhead", "n_used_by": 4, "n_used_by_products": 4, "n_valued_flows": 3, "used_by_categories": [ "pasteurised_plant_drink" ], "sources": [ "floren_2013" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "AI-VERIFIED" }, { "review_id": "R-9b79af", "entry_path": "coffee_processing/roasting_grinding/giraldi_diaz_2018_open_chain", "generator": "coffee_processing", "plant_name": "Open coffee roasting and grinding line (Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 8, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [ "Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018 Table 2 green coffee:ground coffee ratio.", "Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018 Table 3 roasting energy supplied row.", "Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018 Table 3: roasting power 0.110 kWh + grinding power 0.01858 kWh.", "Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018 Table 3 roasting waste row.", "Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018 Table 3 grinding waste row.", "not_available" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "" }, { "review_id": "R-e4a043", "entry_path": "coffee_processing/supercritical_co2_decaffeination/de_marco_2018_italian_processor", "generator": "coffee_processing", "plant_name": "Italian industrial supercritical CO2 coffee decaffeination processor (De Marco et al. 2018)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 7, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [ "De Marco et al. 2018 Table 2 methane rows: (2.07E-03 + 2.79E-01) m3/kg; converted with methane LHV 35.8 MJ/m3 from TU Delft heating-values table.", "De Marco et al. 2018 Table 2 evaporation fuel oil row: 2.11E-02 kg/kg; converted with FAO Appendix IV light fuel oil gross calorific value 43.5 MJ/kg.", "De Marco et al. 2018 Table 2 electricity rows: 5.24 MJ supercritical extraction + 7.59E-05 MJ washing + 8.07E-06 MJ degassing + 1.18E-02 MJ crystallisation, divided by 3.6.", "De Marco et al. 2018 Table 2 water rows: 0.165 kg steaming + 1.12 kg washing + 1.12 kg degassing + 1.19 kg evaporation + 0.072 kg crystallisation.", "De Marco et al. 2018 Table 2 supercritical extraction carbon dioxide row: 1.24E-01 kg/kg decaf coffee.", "not_available", "De Marco et al. 2018 functional-unit statement: 1 kg decaf blend coffee corresponds to 11.4 g dry caffeine recovered." ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "" }, { "review_id": "R-252195", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/cranberry/hot_press_total_plant", "generator": "juice_extraction", "plant_name": "Cranberry pressing plant (Faucher 2020, Quebec)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 4, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [ "faucher_2020", "derived" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "" }, { "review_id": "R-fc9727", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/generic_fruit/nfc_plant", "generator": "juice_extraction", "plant_name": "Generic EU juice plant (SENSE D2.1)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 4, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [ "sense_d2_1", "sense_d2_1_2013" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "" }, { "review_id": "R-05acbd", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/lemon/cold_press_total_plant", "generator": "juice_extraction", "plant_name": "Italian lemon cold-press plant, total (Beccali 2009)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 4, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [ "beccali_2009" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "" }, { "review_id": "R-0b30f0", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/orange/nfc_plant", "generator": "juice_extraction", "plant_name": "Orange NFC plant (SENSE D2.1, Zuvamesa Spain)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 4, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [ "sense_d2_1", "sense_d2_1_2013" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "" }, { "review_id": "R-37be3d", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/zhang_2021_chinese_milk_powder_spray_dryer", "generator": "consumables", "plant_name": "Chinese milk powder spray drying plant CIP overhead (Zhang 2021)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 2, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [ "zhang_2021" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "AI-VERIFIED" }, { "review_id": "R-daeb19", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/orange/nfc_plant_florida", "generator": "juice_extraction", "plant_name": "Florida NFC orange plant (Dwivedi 2012)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 2, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [ "dwivedi_2012" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "" }, { "review_id": "R-3411ca", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/cacace_2020_orange_juice_pasteuriser_hpp", "generator": "infrastructure", "plant_name": "Cacace 2020 orange juice pasteuriser, HPP variant (Avure QuintusFoodPress QFP350L vessel only, Parma, Italy)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 1, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [ "cacace_2020" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED" }, { "review_id": "R-e8da9c", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/cacace_2020_orange_juice_pasteuriser_tp_retort", "generator": "infrastructure", "plant_name": "Cacace 2020 orange juice pasteuriser, TP-retort batch autoclave variant (autoclave equipment only, Italy / Pardo & Zufia 2012)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 1, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [ "cacace_2020" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED" }, { "review_id": "R-8c2146", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/guyomarch_2025_pulse_dry_fractionation_pilot", "generator": "infrastructure", "plant_name": "Guyomarch 2025 IMPROVE SAS faba/pea dry fractionation pilot (France)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 1, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [ "guyomarch_2025" ], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED" }, { "review_id": "R-d2cd5e", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/palm_ffb/ffb_press_bantacut", "generator": "oil_extraction", "plant_name": "West Aceh palm oil mill 60 t/hr (Bantacut 2025)", "n_used_by": 0, "n_used_by_products": 0, "n_valued_flows": 0, "used_by_categories": [], "sources": [], "low_confidence": false, "verification_status": "" } ], "unresolved_products": [], "units": [ { "review_id": "R-70572a", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/cacace_tp_indirect_industrial_baseline", "generator": "infrastructure", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "cacace_tp_indirect_industrial_baseline", "plant_name": "Cacace 2020 plate-HEX pasteuriser industrial baseline (low-confidence fallback; equipment-mass amortisation only)", "location": "", "description": "Source-anchored low-confidence fallback. Adopts the Cacace 2020 TP-indirect plate-HEX machinery value (0.000089 kg/kg) as the most defensible 'generic industrial processing infrastructure' baseline: continuous-flow processing equipment at ~2.8 Mt/yr industrial scale with 20 yr explicit lifetime, sourced from primary plant data. Selected only when the position-predicate selector returns None or Ambiguous. Activities routed through this entry propagate `infrastructure_fallback_used: true` in their metadata so reviewers can locate them.", "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED_FALLBACK", "low_confidence": true, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/infrastructure/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "cacace_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "coconut", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "e8d72188c81b463cbc71ef9b8679d570", "product": "coconut flakes production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "apricot", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77", "product": "dried apricot production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "chamomile", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "8979aaf2fc7746d4b6a98e0d252fcd43", "product": "dried chamomile flower production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "chive", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy5", "product": "dried chive production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "mango", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "766d7e46f95a42e29325224370512e31", "product": "dried mango production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "mint", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy3", "product": "dried mint production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "peach_pitted", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "peach_pitted_dried_at_plant_FR", "product": "dried pitted peach production, LPSSD-FIR treatment", "is_proxy": true, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "plum", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy7", "product": "dried plum (prune) production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "rosemary", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "8f877840388f494c97e9409bbee15350", "product": "dried rosemary production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy2", "product": "dried tomato production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "garlic", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4fa569d207644cf8b452d1693f106250_copy2_garlic", "product": "garlic 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"n_used_by": 157, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "dried_fruit", "drum_dried_powder", "dry_pasta", "dry_pasta_artisanal", "flour", "flour_from_meal", "freeze_dried_fruit", "fresh_cut_vegetable_line", "frozen_french_bean", "juice_concentrate", "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "juice_extraction", "pasteurised_juice", "pasteurised_plant_drink", "pasteurised_puree", "puree", "puree_concentrate", "refined_oil", "rehydrated_textured_protein", "spray_dried_powder", "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "strawberry_coulis", "sundried_fruit", "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm" ], "n_used_by_products": 126 }, { "review_id": "R-618aaa", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/bref_dairy_cheese_baseline", "generator": "consumables", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "bref_dairy_cheese_baseline", "plant_name": "BREF 2019 European dairy cheese-row baseline (low-confidence fallback)", "location": "", "description": "Source-specific fallback rooted in the EU JRC FDM BREF 2019 (Santonja et al., DOI 10.2760/243911, local PDF at data/references/JRC_2019_118627_FDM_Bref.pdf). Matches any query that does not hit a more specific axis-tagged plant. The flow values are pinned to the BREF Table 5.4 cheese-row midpoint (intermediate fouling, narrowest reported range across the dairy product spectrum) -- this is the most defensible 'typical industrial CIP' baseline available from the BREF document. Activities resolved through this plant carry low_confidence: true so the flag propagates to their confidence score.", "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED_FALLBACK", "low_confidence": true, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/consumables/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "eu_bref_fdm_2019" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "coconut", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "e8d72188c81b463cbc71ef9b8679d570", "product": "coconut flakes production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "apricot", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77", "product": "dried apricot production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": 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true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "sundried_fruit", "product_substrate": "grape", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy7", "product": "raisin (sundried grape) production, open-air solar drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "sundried_fruit", "product_substrate": "apricot", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy1", "product": "sundried apricot production, open-air solar drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "sundried_fruit", "product_substrate": "plum", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy6", "product": "sundried plum (prune) production, open-air solar drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "sundried_fruit", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "7ba356fe6c677e1d0be4e9c65b665369", "product": "sundried tomato production, open-air solar drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy37", "product": "high-moisture textured soy production, defatted-meal high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy37", "product": "high-moisture textured soy production, defatted-meal high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy37", "product": "high-moisture textured soy production, defatted-meal high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy28", "product": "industrial texturized pea protein production, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy28", "product": "industrial texturized pea protein production, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy28", "product": "industrial texturized pea protein production, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy34", "product": "legume flour processing to textured proteins, pea proxy, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy34", "product": "legume flour processing to textured proteins, pea proxy, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy34", "product": "legume flour processing to textured proteins, pea proxy, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy23", "product": "pea processing to textured protein, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy23", "product": "pea processing to textured protein, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy23", "product": "pea processing to textured protein, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy35", "product": "textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + low-moisture extrusion + hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy35", "product": "textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + low-moisture extrusion + hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy35", "product": "textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + low-moisture extrusion + hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy36", "product": "high-moisture textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy36", "product": "high-moisture textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy36", "product": "high-moisture textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "consumables" } ], "n_used_by": 110, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "dried_fruit", "drum_dried_powder", "dry_pasta", "freeze_dried_fruit", "fresh_cut_vegetable_line", "frozen_french_bean", "juice_concentrate", "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "pasteurised_juice", "puree_concentrate", "refined_oil", "rehydrated_textured_protein", "spray_dried_powder", "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "strawberry_coulis", "sundried_fruit", "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm" ], "n_used_by_products": 88 }, { "review_id": "R-a76123", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/spinelli_2012_sunflower_mill", "generator": "consumables", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "spinelli_2012_sunflower_mill", "plant_name": "Sunflower oil-mill mechanical-line lubricant proxy (Spinelli 2012)", "location": "", "description": "Dry mechanical line lubricant proxy. Spinelli 2012 (Tuscany pilot sunflower oil) reports 405 g/kg oil at agricultural phase; usable as proxy for processing-line lubricant intensity until per-process-class lubricant data lands. Low fouling because dry mechanical processes generate little residue requiring CIP.", "verification_status": "DRAFT", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/consumables/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "spinelli_2012" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "almond", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy9", "product": "almond oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "cottonseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "153fe1475916acabf2ad62f3b86d8795", "product": "cottonseed crude oil production, delinting + solvent extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "hemp_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy12", "product": "hemp oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "hemp_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy13", "product": "hemp presscake production, cold press, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "linseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy11", "product": "linseed meal production, cold press, economic-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "linseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy10", "product": "linseed oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "olive", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "185dff39133543a0be5e8818f036664b", "product": "olive oil production, decanter extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "olive", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "8e9dd7b1faa94a0f9f2a8de8672d08d1", "product": "olive oil production, decanter extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "olive", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "185dff39133543a0be5e8818f036664b_copy1", "product": "olive oil production, decanter extraction, Pattara", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "pumpkin_seed_hullfree", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "0b343a4ca090d75ef4b9ba6d47ac57c2_copy3", "product": "pumpkin seed oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "sesame_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy15", "product": "sesame oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "89b1a4981c4ae98364bc0e59b87617e9_copy1", "product": "soybean crude oil production, organic, extruding-expelling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "1c9ca8193a89249f218a958ef99db6db_copy1", "product": "soybean crude oil production, solvent extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "89b1a4981c4ae98364bc0e59b87617e9_copy2", "product": "soybean crude oil production, solvent extraction RS", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "0a2987d2ef95f1c1af5a6ac933bb8806_copy1", "product": "soybean meal production, certified BR, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "73b82b4a4499e3d870051f63521bc022_copy3", "product": "soybean meal production, import-mix Europe, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "73b82b4a4499e3d870051f63521bc022_copy1", "product": "soybean meal production, organic, extruding-expelling, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "73b82b4a4499e3d870051f63521bc022_copy2", "product": "soybean meal production, organic, extruding-expelling, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e2f573effbf95d21f4b054143d79965b_copy2", "product": "soybean meal production, organic, extruding-expelling, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e2f573effbf95d21f4b054143d79965b_copy3", "product": "soybean meal production, solvent extraction RS", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e2f573effbf95d21f4b054143d79965b_copy1", "product": "soybean meal production, solvent extraction, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "sunflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "5236a3ecaa2c5d64f960303e4726aaff_copy5", "product": "sunflower meal production, solvent extraction, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "walnut", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy16", "product": "walnut oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour_from_meal", "product_substrate": "linseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy29", "product": "linseed flour production, cold-press + meal milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "coconut_copra", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000009084602737", "product": "copra-based refined coconut oil production, extraction + physical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "coconut_copra", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000009084602739", "product": "copra-based refined coconut oil production, extraction + physical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "peanut", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy14", "product": "peanut oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rapeseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy1", "product": "rapeseed oil production, organic, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "cc4e468cae1f7558ac1af738ce7d4ecc_copy2", "product": "refined organic soybean oil production, extruding-expelling + chemical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rapeseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "02462d2ce5744d8da7c4510e24ce3e92", "product": "refined rapeseed oil production, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rice_bran", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "c7ac28eab9a2433187ba5a1369f37bc2", "product": "rice bran oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "safflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e04fa7af095f47debfd6dbd542dc6168", "product": "safflower oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "sunflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "5236a3ecaa2c5d64f960303e4726aaff_copy6", "product": "sunflower lecithin production, extraction + refining, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "sunflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "5236a3ecaa2c5d64f960303e4726aaff_copy4", "product": "sunflower oil production, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy37", "product": "high-moisture textured soy production, defatted-meal high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" } ], "n_used_by": 35, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "crude_oil", "flour_from_meal", "refined_oil", "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm" ], "n_used_by_products": 35 }, { "review_id": "R-86a1d9", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/adenan_2015_palm_oil_mill", "generator": "infrastructure", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "adenan_2015_palm_oil_mill", "plant_name": "Adenan 2015 Malaysian palm oil mill (FFB sterilisation + screw press)", "location": "", "description": "Malaysian palm oil mill: FFB sterilisation + screw press. Source: drive papers/adenan_2015/transcript.txt Table 4. Oil mill machinery 2.830 kg per 1 t crude palm oil = 2.83e-03 kg/kg, pre-amortised by source. Scope: oil_extraction stage only (mill stops at crude palm oil; downstream refining is a separate plant). Proxy applicable to any heavy mechanical oilseed-extraction cascade (siblings at oil_extraction:mechanical: cold_press_seed, extruding_expelling_soy, olive_decanter, cold_press_nut). Substrate-independent.", "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/infrastructure/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "adenan_2015" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "almond", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy9", "product": "almond oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "cottonseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "153fe1475916acabf2ad62f3b86d8795", "product": "cottonseed crude oil production, delinting + solvent extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "hemp_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy12", "product": "hemp oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "hemp_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy13", "product": "hemp presscake production, cold press, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "linseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy11", "product": "linseed meal production, cold press, economic-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "linseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy10", "product": "linseed oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "olive", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "185dff39133543a0be5e8818f036664b", "product": "olive oil production, decanter extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "olive", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "8e9dd7b1faa94a0f9f2a8de8672d08d1", "product": "olive oil production, decanter extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "olive", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "185dff39133543a0be5e8818f036664b_copy1", "product": "olive oil production, decanter extraction, Pattara", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "pumpkin_seed_hullfree", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "0b343a4ca090d75ef4b9ba6d47ac57c2_copy3", "product": "pumpkin seed oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "sesame_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy15", "product": "sesame oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "89b1a4981c4ae98364bc0e59b87617e9_copy1", "product": "soybean crude oil production, organic, extruding-expelling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "1c9ca8193a89249f218a958ef99db6db_copy1", "product": "soybean crude oil production, solvent extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "89b1a4981c4ae98364bc0e59b87617e9_copy2", "product": "soybean crude oil production, solvent extraction RS", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "0a2987d2ef95f1c1af5a6ac933bb8806_copy1", "product": "soybean meal production, certified BR, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "73b82b4a4499e3d870051f63521bc022_copy3", "product": "soybean meal production, import-mix Europe, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "73b82b4a4499e3d870051f63521bc022_copy1", "product": "soybean meal production, organic, extruding-expelling, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "73b82b4a4499e3d870051f63521bc022_copy2", "product": "soybean meal production, organic, extruding-expelling, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e2f573effbf95d21f4b054143d79965b_copy2", "product": "soybean meal production, organic, extruding-expelling, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e2f573effbf95d21f4b054143d79965b_copy3", "product": "soybean meal production, solvent extraction RS", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e2f573effbf95d21f4b054143d79965b_copy1", "product": "soybean meal production, solvent extraction, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "sunflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "5236a3ecaa2c5d64f960303e4726aaff_copy5", "product": "sunflower meal production, solvent extraction, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "walnut", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy16", "product": "walnut oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "flour_from_meal", "product_substrate": "linseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy29", "product": "linseed flour production, cold-press + meal milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "coconut_copra", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000009084602737", "product": "copra-based refined coconut oil production, extraction + physical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "coconut_copra", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000009084602739", "product": "copra-based refined coconut oil production, extraction + physical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "peanut", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy14", "product": "peanut oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rapeseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy1", "product": "rapeseed oil production, organic, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "cc4e468cae1f7558ac1af738ce7d4ecc_copy2", "product": "refined organic soybean oil production, extruding-expelling + chemical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rapeseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "02462d2ce5744d8da7c4510e24ce3e92", "product": "refined rapeseed oil production, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rice_bran", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "c7ac28eab9a2433187ba5a1369f37bc2", "product": "rice bran oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "safflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e04fa7af095f47debfd6dbd542dc6168", "product": "safflower oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "sunflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "5236a3ecaa2c5d64f960303e4726aaff_copy6", "product": "sunflower lecithin production, extraction + refining, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "sunflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "5236a3ecaa2c5d64f960303e4726aaff_copy4", "product": "sunflower oil production, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy37", "product": "high-moisture textured soy production, defatted-meal high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" } ], "n_used_by": 35, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "crude_oil", "flour_from_meal", "refined_oil", "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm" ], "n_used_by_products": 35 }, { "review_id": "R-507d38", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/bref_2019_grain_milling_dry", "generator": "consumables", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "bref_2019_grain_milling_dry", "plant_name": "European grain milling cleaning overhead (BREF FDM 2019 Chapter 9) -- dry process, no clean-in-place chemical cycle", "location": "", "description": "Grain milling is a DRY process. BREF FDM 2019 Chapter 9 section 9.2.1 lists the milling operations as cleaning, conditioning, breaking, scalping, purification, reduction and dressing -- where 'cleaning' is dry grain cleaning (aspiration, sieving, magnetic separation) to remove foreign matter from the incoming grain, NOT wet clean-in-place. Section 9.3 (current consumption and emission levels) tabulates only energy, water (grain conditioning / tempering) and dust; it reports no cleaning-chemical consumption for grain milling, in contrast to the dairy and beverage chapters that tabulate NaOH and nitric acid. BREF Table 17.1 note (1) explicitly exempts grain milling from the emissions-to-water BAT-associated emission levels -- the sector has no clean-in-place chemical effluent to regulate. The clean-in-place chemical demand is therefore taken as negligible; any periodic wet sanitation (e.g. for allergen changeover) is unquantified in the source and small relative to a wet-processing CIP cycle. Scope: this entry covers the clean-in-place / cleaning-chemical consumables of a dry grain-milling stage only; grain-conditioning (tempering) water is a process-water input owned by the grain_milling process module, not a cleaning consumable, and is excluded here. Dry cleaning (aspiration, sieving, magnetic separation) uses no chemical consumables.", "verification_status": "AI-VERIFIED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/consumables/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "eu_bref_fdm_2019" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 2, "technological": 1 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- the zero clean-in-place demand is a qualified inference of ABSENCE, grounded in a top-tier consulted reference (EU BREF FDM 2019: no cleaning-chemical consumption tabulated for grain milling in Chapter 9, and Table 17.1 note (1) explicitly exempts grain milling from the emissions-to-water BAT-AELs). It is not a measured value, hence a non-verified qualified estimate rather than a measurement.", "completeness": "3 -- captures the dominant fact (no wet CIP chemical cycle) but the source does not quantify occasional/periodic sanitation, so a small unquantified residual is possible; represented honestly as 0 with a boundary note rather than a fabricated figure.", "temporal": "2 -- 2019 reference document reflecting the then-current European grain-milling BAT; cleaning practice for dry milling is structurally stable.", "geographical": "2 -- European sector-wide (BREF scope); dry-milling cleaning practice is not strongly region-dependent.", "technological": "1 -- covers the grain_milling technology family (roller, rice, hammer) as a dry process; the zero-CIP conclusion is a property of dry milling as a class." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "fa70f5043b474086b79a2e5784556476", "product": "durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "fa2699c598764b1fbb09f3b6a16fa4c6", "product": "durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making (cascade, market)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "fa70f5043b474086b79a2e5784556476_copy1", "product": "whole durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making (cascade, copy1)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "af0d33a61f6543c8ba2e29042af9aed8", "product": "whole durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making (cascade, market)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "dry_pasta_artisanal", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "fa70f5043b474086b79a2e5784556476_copy2", "product": "organic durum wheat pasta production, grinding + artisanal pasta making (cascade, copy2)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "6b05887aa28e4245b419979ad9524f70", "product": "durum semolina production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "6b05887aa28e4245b419979ad9524f70_copy2", "product": "durum semolina production, dry roller milling (cascade, copy2)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "6b05887aa28e4245b419979ad9524f70_copy1", "product": "durum wholemeal semolina production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "lentil", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy34", "product": "lentil flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "maize", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "5a1a80078b52d95bbfae97c8e6093988_copy1", "product": "maize flour, organic, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "maize", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "6b05887aa28e4245b419979ad9524f70_copy3", "product": "maize polenta production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rice", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy30", "product": "rice bran (milling co-product) production", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rice", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy31", "product": "rice flour (milled white rice) production", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rye_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy6", "product": "rye flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rye_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy9", "product": "rye flour, organic, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rye_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy8", "product": "rye grist production, coarse roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rye_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy7", "product": "rye grist, organic, coarse roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy14", "product": "spelt white flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy20", "product": "spelt white flour, organic, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "d8914c39cfabf2a60377ade13fd91f39_copy2", "product": "spelt white flour, organic, dry roller milling (cascade, OLD-prod EDB UUID)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy16", "product": "spelt wholemeal flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy21", "product": "spelt wholemeal flour, organic, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "d8914c39cfabf2a60377ade13fd91f39_copy3", "product": "spelt wholemeal flour, organic, dry roller milling (cascade, OLD-prod EDB UUID)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "wheat_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy3", "product": "wheat flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "wheat_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy2", "product": "wheat flour production, dry roller milling (cascade, RoW alt-record)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "wheat_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy11", "product": "wheat flour production, dry roller milling (cascade, RoW)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "wheat_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy13", "product": "wheat wholemeal flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "wheat_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy18", "product": "whole wheat flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "flour_from_meal", "product_substrate": "linseed", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy29", "product": "linseed flour production, cold-press + meal milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" } ], "n_used_by": 29, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "dry_pasta", "dry_pasta_artisanal", "flour", "flour_from_meal" ], "n_used_by_products": 29 }, { "review_id": "R-d5a381", "entry_path": "grain_milling/wheat_conventional/roller_review_sabur", "generator": "grain_milling", "substrate": "wheat_conventional", "technology": "roller_review_sabur", "plant_name": "Wheat flour milling review benchmark (Ladha-Sabur et al. 2019)", "location": "GLO", "description": "Wheat flour roller-milling review benchmark from Ladha-Sabur et al. 2019, a CC BY peer-reviewed survey of food-manufacturing specific energy consumption covering 1980-2015. The 0.42 MJ/kg flour electricity + 0.03 MJ/kg flour fuel value is a 2005-2015 average reported in Appendix A. Stored on per-kg-wheat-grain-input basis: 0.42 MJ/kg flour x 0.77 IAOM extraction = 0.0898 kWh/kg grain. Geography is GLO because the paper aggregates UK, NL, NZ, SE and US data with no single dominant origin. DQ pedigree [3,3,3,4,3]: reliable peer-reviewed source; complete inventory for the milling unit operation; recent (post-2015); geographic representativeness limited because the average is global rather than EU-only; technology well-characterised. The cascade adapter scales to per-kg-flour-output for the final mapping entry using the substrate's extraction_rate.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "conditioning", "roller_milling", "sifting", "purification" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/grain_milling/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "sabur_2019", "uk_flour_millers_2024" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 4, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- Ladha-Sabur et al. 2019 (Trends Food Sci Technol) is a CC BY peer-reviewed survey of food-manufacturing specific energy consumption; the 0.42 MJ/kg flour electricity + 0.03 MJ/kg flour fuel value is a 2005-2015 multi-country average reported in Appendix A.", "completeness": "3 -- electricity + thermal are quantified per kg flour for the milling section; CIP, wastewater treatment, and packaging are out of scope.", "temporal": "3 -- 2005-2015 average; modern roller-mill equipment has been incrementally refined since but no broad survey supersedes this benchmark.", "geographical": "4 -- global aggregate of UK, NL, NZ, SE and US data with no single dominant origin; representativeness for any specific European mill is moderate.", "technological": "3 -- conditioning + roller milling + sifting + purification; canonical industrial wheat-flour-milling configuration." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "fa70f5043b474086b79a2e5784556476", "product": "durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "fa2699c598764b1fbb09f3b6a16fa4c6", "product": "durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making (cascade, market)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "fa70f5043b474086b79a2e5784556476_copy1", "product": "whole durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making (cascade, copy1)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "af0d33a61f6543c8ba2e29042af9aed8", "product": "whole durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making (cascade, market)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dry_pasta_artisanal", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "fa70f5043b474086b79a2e5784556476_copy2", "product": "organic durum wheat pasta production, grinding + artisanal pasta making (cascade, copy2)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "6b05887aa28e4245b419979ad9524f70", "product": "durum semolina production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "6b05887aa28e4245b419979ad9524f70_copy2", "product": "durum semolina production, dry roller milling (cascade, copy2)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "6b05887aa28e4245b419979ad9524f70_copy1", "product": "durum wholemeal semolina production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "lentil", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy34", "product": "lentil flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "maize", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "5a1a80078b52d95bbfae97c8e6093988_copy1", "product": "maize flour, organic, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "maize", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "6b05887aa28e4245b419979ad9524f70_copy3", "product": "maize polenta production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rye_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy6", "product": "rye flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rye_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy9", "product": "rye flour, organic, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rye_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy8", "product": "rye grist production, coarse roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rye_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy7", "product": "rye grist, organic, coarse roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy14", "product": "spelt white flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy20", "product": "spelt white flour, organic, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "d8914c39cfabf2a60377ade13fd91f39_copy2", "product": "spelt white flour, organic, dry roller milling (cascade, OLD-prod EDB UUID)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy16", "product": "spelt wholemeal flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy21", "product": "spelt wholemeal flour, organic, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "spelt", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "d8914c39cfabf2a60377ade13fd91f39_copy3", "product": "spelt wholemeal flour, organic, dry roller milling (cascade, OLD-prod EDB UUID)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "wheat_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy3", "product": "wheat flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "wheat_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy2", "product": "wheat flour production, dry roller milling (cascade, RoW alt-record)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "wheat_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy11", "product": "wheat flour production, dry roller milling (cascade, RoW)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "wheat_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy13", "product": "wheat wholemeal flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "wheat_conventional", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy18", "product": "whole wheat flour production, dry roller milling", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour_from_meal", "product_substrate": "linseed", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy29", "product": "linseed flour production, cold-press + meal milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 27, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "dry_pasta", "dry_pasta_artisanal", "flour", "flour_from_meal" ], "n_used_by_products": 27 }, { "review_id": "R-835377", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/bref_2019_european_dairy_cheese", "generator": "consumables", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "bref_2019_european_dairy_cheese", "plant_name": "Dairy CIP overhead (BREF FDM 2019 Table 5.4, cheese row; cross-referenced against Tetra Pak 2024 Dairy Processing Handbook)", "location": "", "description": "Dairy CIP at the demanding end of the load spectrum. BREF FDM 2019 Section 5.3.6 Table 5.4 reports per-tonne consumption of cleaning agents in European dairies (source: European Dairy Association 2002). The cheese row is selected as the representative anchor: intermediate fouling across the dairy product range, narrower variability than market milk, and aligned with the typical industrial-dairy CIP demand profile. Tetra Pak 2024 Dairy Processing Handbook concentrations (NaOH 0.5-2.0 wt%, HNO3 0.5-1.5 wt%) cross-reference the BREF numbers.", "verification_status": "AI-VERIFIED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/consumables/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "eu_bref_fdm_2019" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "apple", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy1", "product": "apple juice concentrate production, extraction + HTST + multi-effect", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "faf9e5671aca4b22b3e5110ae3d31b6f", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "bell_pepper", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca_copy4", "product": "bell pepper juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "5df6ac5ab34b40b3a4868aab671a50e9_copy1", "product": "black currant juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca_copy2", "product": "black currant juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "grape", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy3", "product": "grape juice concentrate production, HPX press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "bba0fb0267ac4f23aba0f1802b3dd23e_copy12", "product": "orange juice concentrate production, NFC + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy61", "product": "NFC orange juice production, cold-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "5df6ac5ab34b40b3a4868aab671a50e9_copy2", "product": "black currant juice production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "cranberry", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f224499525344b2fae5e97c99a5995a1", "product": "cranberry juice production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "lemon", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy63", "product": "lemon juice production, cold-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "pineapple", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "3c84753e6ee541d3b25d993a9c272954_copy1", "product": "pineapple juice production, extraction + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "oat", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "9e742cf82ad3497883a364c81e1dd64b_copy1", "product": "oat drink production, enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "rice", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "44c0dbf97483463b825c2f8a6ddb3b61", "product": "rice milk production, enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "362128c3855548efb69a5df6041b130c", "product": "soy drink production, non-enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f71a7a373b142faef527f73800b052f7_copy2", "product": "soy drink production, non-enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_puree", "product_substrate": "raspberry", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003106364", "product": "frozen raspberry puree production, sieving + HTST + deep-freezing", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "strawberry_coulis", "product_substrate": "strawberry", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003115001", "product": "strawberry coulis production, pulping + cane-sugar formulation + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" } ], "n_used_by": 19, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "pasteurised_juice", "pasteurised_plant_drink", "pasteurised_puree", "strawberry_coulis" ], "n_used_by_products": 19 }, { "review_id": "R-c927b1", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/cacace_2020_orange_juice_pasteuriser_tp_indirect", "generator": "infrastructure", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "cacace_2020_orange_juice_pasteuriser_tp_indirect", "plant_name": "Cacace 2020 orange juice pasteuriser, TP-indirect plate-HEX variant (5,000 kg plate-HEX equipment only, Parma, Italy)", "location": "", "description": "Industrial continuous-flow HTST plate-HEX pasteuriser, 95C/15s with energy recovery, hygienic hot filling at ~80C. 1,800 L/h capacity. Source MD: data/verification/sources/cacace_2020.md Table 3. Per-kg machinery = plate-HEX equipment mass / (lifetime * annual throughput) = 5,000 kg / (20 yr * 2,799,360 kg/yr) = 0.000089 kg/kg orange juice. The value captures the named pasteurisation equipment ONLY (plate HEX + hot-fill line; for TP-indirect the filling is integral to the preservation step per Cacace section 4.1.1). NOT the upstream juicing line. NOT the building. NOT roads or surrounding plant infrastructure. Sits at the htst_plate_hex tech node so any HTST query routes here. Use as a pasteurisation-stage proxy; do NOT interpret as a whole-plant inventory.", "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/infrastructure/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "cacace_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "apple", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy1", "product": "apple juice concentrate production, extraction + HTST + multi-effect", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "faf9e5671aca4b22b3e5110ae3d31b6f", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "bell_pepper", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca_copy4", "product": "bell pepper juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "5df6ac5ab34b40b3a4868aab671a50e9_copy1", "product": "black currant juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca_copy2", "product": "black currant juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "grape", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy3", "product": "grape juice concentrate production, HPX press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "bba0fb0267ac4f23aba0f1802b3dd23e_copy12", "product": "orange juice concentrate production, NFC + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy61", "product": "NFC orange juice production, cold-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "5df6ac5ab34b40b3a4868aab671a50e9_copy2", "product": "black currant juice production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "cranberry", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f224499525344b2fae5e97c99a5995a1", "product": "cranberry juice production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "lemon", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy63", "product": "lemon juice production, cold-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "pineapple", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "3c84753e6ee541d3b25d993a9c272954_copy1", "product": "pineapple juice production, extraction + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "oat", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "9e742cf82ad3497883a364c81e1dd64b_copy1", "product": "oat drink production, enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "rice", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "44c0dbf97483463b825c2f8a6ddb3b61", "product": "rice milk production, enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "362128c3855548efb69a5df6041b130c", "product": "soy drink production, non-enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f71a7a373b142faef527f73800b052f7_copy2", "product": "soy drink production, non-enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "pasteurised_puree", "product_substrate": "raspberry", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003106364", "product": "frozen raspberry puree production, sieving + HTST + deep-freezing", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "strawberry_coulis", "product_substrate": "strawberry", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003115001", "product": "strawberry coulis production, pulping + cane-sugar formulation + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" } ], "n_used_by": 19, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "pasteurised_juice", "pasteurised_plant_drink", "pasteurised_puree", "strawberry_coulis" ], "n_used_by_products": 19 }, { "review_id": "R-bc343e", "entry_path": "pasteurisation/lemon/htst", "generator": "pasteurisation", "substrate": "lemon", "technology": "htst", "plant_name": "Beccali 2009 Fig 2 lemon HTST pasteurisation", "location": "IT", "description": "HTST pasteurisation: same process as orange. Lemon juice has lower thermal demand per kg (different heat capacity / throughput).", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "pasteurisation", "cooling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/pasteurisation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "beccali_2009" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 1, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- same Beccali 2009 plant data as the orange HTST entry; lemon line measured on the same indirect plate HEX with substrate-specific thermal demand reported per kg.", "completeness": "3 -- thermal + electricity + cooling water reported per kg lemon juice; CIP and ancillary support not separately quantified.", "temporal": "3 -- published 2009, fieldwork ~2007-2008; HTST equipment design stable since.", "geographical": "1 -- Sicily, Italy; primary target for lemon / RER pool.", "technological": "2 -- continuous HTST at 80 C / 15 s on indirect plate HEX, identical to the orange line; the canonical industrial citrus-pasteurisation route." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "faf9e5671aca4b22b3e5110ae3d31b6f", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "bell_pepper", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca_copy4", "product": "bell pepper juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "5df6ac5ab34b40b3a4868aab671a50e9_copy1", "product": "black currant juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca_copy2", "product": "black currant juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "grape", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy3", "product": "grape juice concentrate production, HPX press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "5df6ac5ab34b40b3a4868aab671a50e9_copy2", "product": "black currant juice production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "cranberry", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f224499525344b2fae5e97c99a5995a1", "product": "cranberry juice production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "lemon", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy63", "product": "lemon juice production, cold-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "pineapple", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "3c84753e6ee541d3b25d993a9c272954_copy1", "product": "pineapple juice production, extraction + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "oat", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "9e742cf82ad3497883a364c81e1dd64b_copy1", "product": "oat drink production, enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "rice", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "44c0dbf97483463b825c2f8a6ddb3b61", "product": "rice milk production, enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "362128c3855548efb69a5df6041b130c", "product": "soy drink production, non-enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f71a7a373b142faef527f73800b052f7_copy2", "product": "soy drink production, non-enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_puree", "product_substrate": "raspberry", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003106364", "product": "frozen raspberry puree production, sieving + HTST + deep-freezing", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "strawberry_coulis", "product_substrate": "strawberry", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003115001", "product": "strawberry coulis production, pulping + cane-sugar formulation + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 16, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "pasteurised_juice", "pasteurised_plant_drink", "pasteurised_puree", "strawberry_coulis" ], "n_used_by_products": 16 }, { "review_id": "R-e20684", "entry_path": "drying/apple/spray_tower_food_demarco", "generator": "drying", "substrate": "apple", "technology": "spray_tower_food_demarco", "plant_name": "Italian apple multistage spray dryer (De Marco et al. 2015, MD route)", "location": "ITA", "description": "Multistage drying (MD) route at the same Italian apple-powder firm as the DD entry. The chain is ultrafiltration -> cryoconcentration -> spray drying. This pool entry covers the FINAL spray-drying step only: feed at 40 deg Bx (after the pre-concentration chain), air at 70 deg C, output at 95 deg Bx (5% moisture). Functional unit at the cascade adapter is 1 kg dried product; this pool stores the equipment rate per kg water removed AT THE SPRAY DRYER (not for the full multistage chain).", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "spray_drying" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/drying/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "de_marco_2015_3" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 2, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- De Marco et al. 2015 (Int J LCA 20:1659-1672) reports plant-measured thermal and electrical loads at the same Italian apple-powder firm; primary industrial data, not desk-derived.", "completeness": "3 -- spray-drying section thermal + electrical loads are quantified; the upstream ultrafiltration + cryoconcentration steps are out of scope for this single-stage pool entry.", "temporal": "2 -- published 2015, fieldwork ~2013-2014; multistage spray drying for fruit powder has not changed materially since.", "geographical": "2 -- single Italian apple-powder firm; representative for European apple-spray lines.", "technological": "2 -- pre-concentrated 40 deg Bx feed atomised at 70 C air, 5 percent residual moisture; canonical industrial spray-tower configuration." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "spray_dried_powder", "product_substrate": "camu_camu", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "2865a9f706b144878b7407f36751d6ca", "product": "camu-camu fruit powder production, spray drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder", "product_substrate": "strawberry", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "aa44de66a3c74242b541103070811f6c", "product": "strawberry powder production, spray drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "45496957fb1a475eaf85bc7fa12eae8d_copy1", "product": "generic fruit powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying + grinding, GLO", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "45496957fb1a475eaf85bc7fa12eae8d", "product": "generic fruit powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying + grinding, RER", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "45496957fb1a475eaf85bc7fa12eae8d_copy4", "product": "generic fruit powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying, BR", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "45496957fb1a475eaf85bc7fa12eae8d_copy2", "product": "generic fruit powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying, RER", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "45496957fb1a475eaf85bc7fa12eae8d_copy3", "product": "generic fruit powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying, RoW", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "oat_drink", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "2bdc0009471045f68a4f14a3728bcee0", "product": "oat-drink powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4fa569d207644cf8b452d1693f106250_copy3", "product": "tomato powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy37", "product": "high-moisture textured soy production, defatted-meal high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy28", "product": "industrial texturized pea protein production, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy34", "product": "legume flour processing to textured proteins, pea proxy, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy23", "product": "pea processing to textured protein, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy35", "product": "textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + low-moisture extrusion + hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy36", "product": "high-moisture textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 15, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "spray_dried_powder", "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm" ], "n_used_by_products": 15 }, { "review_id": "R-495d1b", "entry_path": "concentration/orange/multi_effect_evaporation", "generator": "concentration", "substrate": "orange", "technology": "multi_effect_evaporation", "plant_name": "Beccali 2009 Fig 1 orange multi-effect evaporation", "location": "IT", "description": "Multi-effect vacuum evaporation (Beccali 2009, Sicilian citrus plant). 2-3 effect, steam boiler 120C.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "concentration", "cooling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/concentration/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "beccali_2009" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 1, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- Beccali 2009 reports plant-measured thermal and electrical loads on a Sicilian multi-effect citrus evaporation line; primary industrial data.", "completeness": "3 -- thermal + electricity + cooling water reported per kg orange concentrate; CIP and atmospheric-vent loss not separately quantified.", "temporal": "3 -- published 2009, fieldwork ~2007-2008; multi-effect evaporator design stable since.", "geographical": "1 -- Sicily, Italy; primary target for orange / RER concentration pool.", "technological": "2 -- 2-3 effect vacuum evaporation with steam boiler at 120 C; the canonical industrial OJ concentration route." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "bba0fb0267ac4f23aba0f1802b3dd23e_copy12", "product": "orange juice concentrate production, NFC + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103740", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103741", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103742", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103743", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103744", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103745", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103746", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103747", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103748", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103749", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103750", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103751", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003103752", "product": "orange juice concentration and cooling, 80 percent water removed", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 14, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "juice_concentrate_80pct_water_removed" ], "n_used_by_products": 14 }, { "review_id": "R-a94651", "entry_path": "concentration/apple/six_effect_evaporation", "generator": "concentration", "substrate": "apple", "technology": "six_effect_evaporation", "plant_name": "German apple 6-effect evaporator (Zimmer/Bucher Unipektin 2017)", "location": "DE", "description": "6-effect evaporator with ice water cooling circuits. 30 t/h apple intake capacity. Steam economy ~6:1.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "concentration", "cooling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/concentration/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "zimmer_2017", "estimated_from_beccali" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "estimated_from_beccali" ], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 1, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 2, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- equipment specs from Zimmer 2017 / Bucher Unipektin manufacturer documentation; 6-effect evaporator with ice-water cooling at 30 t/h apple intake; steam economy 6:1 reported per manufacturer.", "completeness": "3 -- thermal + electricity + cooling water (Beccali-estimated) quantified per kg concentrate; CIP and condensate-recovery vent loss not separately reported.", "temporal": "3 -- Zimmer/Bucher specs ~2017; 6-effect industrial evaporators have not changed materially since.", "geographical": "2 -- Germany; close in equipment design and grid scope to the RER apple target.", "technological": "2 -- 6-effect vacuum evaporation is the canonical industrial route for apple-juice concentration to 70-72 Brix." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "apple", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy1", "product": "apple juice concentrate production, extraction + HTST + multi-effect", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "faf9e5671aca4b22b3e5110ae3d31b6f", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "5df6ac5ab34b40b3a4868aab671a50e9_copy1", "product": "black currant juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca_copy2", "product": "black currant juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "grape", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy3", "product": "grape juice concentrate production, HPX press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "puree_concentrate", "product_substrate": "mango", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "21d4a72c46124ea7bd40be25063b8ab8", "product": "mango juice concentrate production, paddle pulping + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "45496957fb1a475eaf85bc7fa12eae8d_copy1", "product": "generic fruit powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying + grinding, GLO", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "45496957fb1a475eaf85bc7fa12eae8d", "product": "generic fruit powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying + grinding, RER", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "45496957fb1a475eaf85bc7fa12eae8d_copy4", "product": "generic fruit powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying, BR", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "45496957fb1a475eaf85bc7fa12eae8d_copy2", "product": "generic fruit powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying, RER", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "45496957fb1a475eaf85bc7fa12eae8d_copy3", "product": "generic fruit powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying, RoW", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "oat_drink", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "2bdc0009471045f68a4f14a3728bcee0", "product": "oat-drink powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 13, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "puree_concentrate", "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate" ], "n_used_by_products": 13 }, { "review_id": "R-1917ff", "entry_path": "drying/generic_fruit/hot_air_tunnel_industrial", "generator": "drying", "substrate": "generic_fruit", "technology": "hot_air_tunnel_industrial", "plant_name": "Industrial convective hot-air tunnel/belt dryer (fruit & vegetable, continuous single/partial-recirculation)", "location": "RER", "description": "Substrate-neutral continuous industrial convective hot-air tunnel/belt dryer, applicable to fruit and vegetable products dried at 50-90 deg C with gas-fired air heating. The selectable hot-air route for all industrial hot-air-dried EDB products (replaces the demoted artisanal Goncalves & Neto 2023 apple-snack benchmark). Specific thermal energy is stored per kg WATER REMOVED (technology rate); the cascade adapter scales it by each substrate's water_removed = wet_input_per_kg_dried - 1.0 (from product_properties.json moisture_fresh / moisture_dried). For dried tomato (fresh 94.5 percent -> dried 14 percent moisture): 15.64 kg fresh / kg dried, 14.64 kg water removed, 64.6 MJ heat / kg dried -> ~4.8 kg CO2eq/kg gate-to-gate, matching the ecoinvent gate-to-gate reference of 4.6.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "hot_air_drying", "tunnel_air_heating" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/drying/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "de_marco_2015_3", "not_available" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "not_available" ], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "coconut", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "e8d72188c81b463cbc71ef9b8679d570", "product": "coconut flakes production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "apricot", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77", "product": "dried apricot production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "chive", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy5", "product": "dried chive production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "mango", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "766d7e46f95a42e29325224370512e31", "product": "dried mango production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "plum", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy7", "product": "dried plum (prune) production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy2", "product": "dried tomato production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "garlic", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4fa569d207644cf8b452d1693f106250_copy2_garlic", "product": "garlic powder production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "onion", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4fa569d207644cf8b452d1693f106250_copy2", "product": "onion powder production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy28", "product": "industrial texturized pea protein production, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy34", "product": "legume flour processing to textured proteins, pea proxy, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy23", "product": "pea processing to textured protein, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy35", "product": "textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + low-moisture extrusion + hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 12, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "dried_fruit", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route" ], "n_used_by_products": 12 }, { "review_id": "R-43411e", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/lemon/cold_press", "generator": "juice_extraction", "substrate": "lemon", "technology": "cold_press", "plant_name": "Italian lemon cold-press plant (Beccali 2009)", "location": "IT", "description": "Lemon extraction-only energy from Beccali 2009 Fig 2 (Sicilian citrus plant, 2005). In-line citrus extractor: washing, extraction, EO refining. 100% electric -- zero natural gas at extraction stage. Total-plant energy (incl. pasteurisation + concentration) in separate benchmark entry.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "washing", "extraction", "eo_refining" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/juice_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "beccali_2009" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 4, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 1, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- secondary data derived from Beccali 2009 Fig 2 annual mass/energy balance. Not direct metered per-process data.", "completeness": "4 -- electricity and water only. No CIP, lubricants, compressed air, or infrastructure.", "temporal": "3 -- 2005 production data from a Sicilian citrus processing plant.", "geographical": "1 -- Italian citrus region (Sicily). Directly representative.", "technological": "2 -- FMC/JBT in-line citrus extractor. Standard industrial citrus extraction." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.6, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "5df6ac5ab34b40b3a4868aab671a50e9_copy1", "product": "black currant juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca_copy2", "product": "black currant juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_extraction", "product_substrate": "lemon", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy68", "product": "Italian lemon cold-press plant (Beccali 2009), aseptic pulp", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_extraction", "product_substrate": "lemon", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy69", "product": "Italian lemon cold-press plant (Beccali 2009), citrus peels", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_extraction", "product_substrate": "lemon", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy64", "product": "Italian lemon cold-press plant (Beccali 2009), essential oils", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "black_currant", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "5df6ac5ab34b40b3a4868aab671a50e9_copy2", "product": "black currant juice production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "cranberry", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f224499525344b2fae5e97c99a5995a1", "product": "cranberry juice production, enzyme-aided hot-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "generic", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy15", "product": "generic juice production, extraction + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "lemon", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy63", "product": "lemon juice production, cold-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 9, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "juice_extraction", "pasteurised_juice" ], "n_used_by_products": 9 }, { "review_id": "R-8e3b39", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/rapeseed/cold_press", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "rapeseed", "technology": "cold_press", "plant_name": "French rapeseed cold pressing + solvent extraction (Quinsac et al. 2015, Table 6 CP route)", "location": "FR", "description": "Rapeseed cold pressing route: no conditioning, flaking, or cooking. Direct cold press (19 kWh/t electrical), then solvent extraction of cake (identical to FCP). 32% total energy saving vs FCP (192 vs 283 kWh/t), 37% CO2 saving. CP meal moisture 15.9% exceeds storage standard -- post-drying energy not included.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "pressing", "oil_heating", "pelletizing_preparation", "solvent_extraction", "desolventisation", "distillation", "pelletizing_extraction", "storage_logistics" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "quinsac_2015", "demarco_2020", "nopa_2024" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 4, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 3, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- pilot pressing measurements (SME 18.7 kWh/t) combined with industry benchmarks. Same caveats as FCP entry.", "completeness": "2 -- electricity and thermal fully covered. No hexane, water, or wastewater.", "temporal": "3 -- 2008-2009 pilot trial.", "geographical": "3 -- French seeds/factors.", "technological": "2 -- CP eliminates cooking step but retains solvent extraction of cake. 32% energy saving vs FCP." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "hemp_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy12", "product": "hemp oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "hemp_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy13", "product": "hemp presscake production, cold press, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "linseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy11", "product": "linseed meal production, cold press, economic-allocated", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "linseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy10", "product": "linseed oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "pumpkin_seed_hullfree", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "0b343a4ca090d75ef4b9ba6d47ac57c2_copy3", "product": "pumpkin seed oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "sesame_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy15", "product": "sesame oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour_from_meal", "product_substrate": "linseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy29", "product": "linseed flour production, cold-press + meal milling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "peanut", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy14", "product": "peanut oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "safflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e04fa7af095f47debfd6dbd542dc6168", "product": "safflower oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 9, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "crude_oil", "flour_from_meal", "refined_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 9 }, { "review_id": "R-de7d32", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/delborghi_2014_italian_tomato_processing", "generator": "consumables", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "delborghi_2014_italian_tomato_processing", "plant_name": "Italian tomato processing whole-plant CIP overhead (Delborghi 2014)", "location": "", "description": "Delborghi 2014 Table 4 reports CIP/cleaning chemicals per kg operated tomato across 4 Italian plants. The same regime services both pulping (hot-break screw crusher + sieving) and concentration (evaporators) within the integrated tomato plant -- the published values cannot be cleanly split per stage, so the entry is whole_plant covering both. Cascade-walker attribution emits once on the last covered stage (concentration for [pulping, concentration] cascades). The published reagent list (NaOH 50%, HCl 30%, NaOCl 15%) is mapped onto our existing flow keys -- HCl onto nitric_acid_kg as the closest strong-acid CIP proxy; NaOCl onto h2o2_kg as the closest oxidising-disinfectant proxy (BREF FDM 2019 5.3.6 lumps NaOCl with H2O2 and peracetic acid under 'disinfection agents').", "verification_status": "VERIFIED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/consumables/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "delborghi_2014" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "pasteurised_puree", "product_substrate": "raspberry", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003106364", "product": "frozen raspberry puree production, sieving + HTST + deep-freezing", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "puree", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "45606c0ccae946a8ab37e0aa388a3477", "product": "tomato pulp production, hot-break pulping", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "puree", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy19", "product": "tomato puree production, hot-break pulping", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "puree_concentrate", "product_substrate": "mango", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "21d4a72c46124ea7bd40be25063b8ab8", "product": "mango juice concentrate production, paddle pulping + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "puree_concentrate", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy22", "product": "tomato paste production, hot-break + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "puree_concentrate", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy54", "product": "tomato paste production, hot-break + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "strawberry_coulis", "product_substrate": "strawberry", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003115001", "product": "strawberry coulis production, pulping + cane-sugar formulation + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" } ], "n_used_by": 7, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "pasteurised_puree", "puree", "puree_concentrate", "strawberry_coulis" ], "n_used_by_products": 7 }, { "review_id": "R-7177ee", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/le_feon_2023_belgian_apple_cooperative", "generator": "consumables", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "le_feon_2023_belgian_apple_cooperative", "plant_name": "Small-scale organic apple juice line CIP overhead", "location": "", "description": "Small-scale (6,500 L juice/yr) organic apple value chain (FAIRCHAIN CS-BEL, French Flanders). Le Féon 2023 SI Table 2 reports CIP intensity but cites Doublet et al. 2013 (SENSE D2.1) as the source -- the artisan apple line adopted the industrial Zuvamesa numbers rather than measuring independently. Numerically identical to juice_ambient_wet_high_load; the fouling_load tag is what differentiates them, NOT the per-kg intensity. Phase 2 finding: the throughput-tier axis does not actually distinguish CIP intensity in the available literature -- both anchors converge on the SENSE D2.1 values.", "verification_status": "VERIFIED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/consumables/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "le_feon_2023" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "dry_pasta_artisanal", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "preparation:whole_line", "ei_code": "fa70f5043b474086b79a2e5784556476_copy2", "product": "organic durum wheat pasta production, grinding + artisanal pasta making (cascade, copy2)", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "apple", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy1", "product": "apple juice concentrate production, extraction + HTST + multi-effect", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "faf9e5671aca4b22b3e5110ae3d31b6f", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "bell_pepper", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca_copy4", "product": "bell pepper juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "grape", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy3", "product": "grape juice concentrate production, HPX press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "pineapple", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "3c84753e6ee541d3b25d993a9c272954_copy1", "product": "pineapple juice production, extraction + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" } ], "n_used_by": 7, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "dry_pasta_artisanal", "juice_concentrate", "pasteurised_juice" ], "n_used_by_products": 7 }, { "review_id": "R-c9c582", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/soybean/extruding_expelling_cheng", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "soybean", "technology": "extruding_expelling_cheng", "plant_name": "Soybean dry extruding + expelling pilot plant (Cheng et al. 2018, Iowa State / Insta-Pro design class)", "location": "US", "description": "Solvent-free soybean processing: dry extrusion heats seed via friction (>120 C) inactivating trypsin inhibitors and conditioning meats, followed by screw-expeller pressing. No hexane, no DTDC, minimal exogenous steam (the extruder is the heat source). Higher electricity intensity than solvent route because extruder replaces steam-boiler heat with mechanical work. Oil yield ~13.3% by mass; high-residual-oil meal (~6% residual) is suitable for animal feed. Crude oil degummed with H3PO4 before storage.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "seed_cleaning", "dry_extrusion", "screw_expeller_pressing", "oil_filtration", "crude_oil_degumming_water" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "cheng_2018" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 5, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- peer-reviewed pilot data sourced from Cheng 2017 PhD dissertation, Cheng & Rosentrater 2017, simulated in SuperPro Designer v9.0. Iowa State pilot at 23.3 Mt/yr soybean oil throughput.", "completeness": "3 -- electricity, steam, water, wastewater, H3PO4 degumming. No DTDC hexane recovery (not present in extruder route). Hulls handling not metered separately.", "temporal": "2 -- 2018 publication; underlying pilot work 2017.", "geographical": "3 -- Iowa pilot. Grid mix is heavy coal (52.6%), inflating CO2 vs RER. Equipment-level utility intensities portable.", "technological": "2 -- Insta-Pro-style dry extruder + screw expeller. Standard industrial route for solvent-free (organic, non-GMO) soybean meal in North America; equivalent steam-cooked + expeller route is used in EU (no separate pool entry yet)." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "almond", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy9", "product": "almond oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "89b1a4981c4ae98364bc0e59b87617e9_copy1", "product": "soybean crude oil production, organic, extruding-expelling", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "73b82b4a4499e3d870051f63521bc022_copy1", "product": "soybean meal production, organic, extruding-expelling, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "73b82b4a4499e3d870051f63521bc022_copy2", "product": "soybean meal production, organic, extruding-expelling, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e2f573effbf95d21f4b054143d79965b_copy2", "product": "soybean meal production, organic, extruding-expelling, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "walnut", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy16", "product": "walnut oil production, cold press", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "cc4e468cae1f7558ac1af738ce7d4ecc_copy2", "product": "refined organic soybean oil production, extruding-expelling + chemical refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 7, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "crude_oil", "refined_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 7 }, { "review_id": "R-4a91a3", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/soybean/solvent_demarco", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "soybean", "technology": "solvent_demarco", "plant_name": "Modern soybean solvent extraction plant (Demarco & Gibon 2020, Desmet Ballestra)", "location": "GLO", "description": "Modern soybean solvent extraction plant. Design targets (upper bounds) from Desmet Ballestra engineers. Preparation: warm/hot dehulling, flaking, optional expanding. Extraction: countercurrent hexane percolation. DTDC: desolventiser/toaster/dryer/cooler (>70% of plant steam, ~90% of hexane loss). Values are supplier design limits, not measured averages -- actual plants may perform better.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "seed_preparation", "dehulling", "flaking", "solvent_extraction", "desolventisation_dtdc", "miscella_distillation", "mineral_oil_absorption" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "demarco_2020", "nopa_2024" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 2, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 1, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- design targets from leading equipment supplier (Desmet Ballestra), not measured plant data. Values are upper bounds, not averages.", "completeness": "3 -- electricity, steam, hexane. No water, no wastewater.", "temporal": "2 -- 2020 publication reflecting modern plant design.", "geographical": "1 -- global equipment supplier; values are technology-driven, not region-specific.", "technological": "2 -- modern solvent extraction (22,000 MTPD capacity class). DTDC >70% of total steam." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.0, "used_by": [ { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "1c9ca8193a89249f218a958ef99db6db_copy1", "product": "soybean crude oil production, solvent extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "89b1a4981c4ae98364bc0e59b87617e9_copy2", "product": "soybean crude oil production, solvent extraction RS", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "0a2987d2ef95f1c1af5a6ac933bb8806_copy1", "product": "soybean meal production, certified BR, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "73b82b4a4499e3d870051f63521bc022_copy3", "product": "soybean meal production, import-mix Europe, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e2f573effbf95d21f4b054143d79965b_copy3", "product": "soybean meal production, solvent extraction RS", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "e2f573effbf95d21f4b054143d79965b_copy1", "product": "soybean meal production, solvent extraction, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy37", "product": "high-moisture textured soy production, defatted-meal high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 7, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "crude_oil", "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm" ], "n_used_by_products": 7 }, { "review_id": "R-d59191", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/sense_d2_1_zuvamesa_citrus_juice", "generator": "consumables", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "sense_d2_1_zuvamesa_citrus_juice", "plant_name": "Spanish Zuvamesa juice plant CIP overhead", "location": "", "description": "Ambient-temperature juice-extraction line CIP overhead. Already pre-staged in data/parameters/juice_extraction/cip_overhead.json from SENSE D2.1 Table 2.4 (Zuvamesa Spain 2011): NaOH 0.0089 kg/L juice, HNO3 0.0003 kg/L juice.", "verification_status": "VERIFIED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/consumables/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "sense_d2_1_2013" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "bba0fb0267ac4f23aba0f1802b3dd23e_copy12", "product": "orange juice concentrate production, NFC + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_extraction", "product_substrate": "lemon", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy68", "product": "Italian lemon cold-press plant (Beccali 2009), aseptic pulp", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_extraction", "product_substrate": "lemon", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy69", "product": "Italian lemon cold-press plant (Beccali 2009), citrus peels", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "juice_extraction", "product_substrate": "lemon", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy64", "product": "Italian lemon cold-press plant (Beccali 2009), essential oils", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy61", "product": "NFC orange juice production, cold-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "lemon", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy63", "product": "lemon juice production, cold-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" } ], "n_used_by": 6, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "juice_extraction", "pasteurised_juice" ], "n_used_by_products": 6 }, { "review_id": "R-2b16d3", "entry_path": "drying/apple/drum_single_puree_demarco", "generator": "drying", "substrate": "apple", "technology": "drum_single_puree_demarco", "plant_name": "Italian apple drum dryer (De Marco et al. 2015)", "location": "ITA", "description": "Single-drum atmospheric dryer for apple flesh at an Italian apple-powder firm (De Marco et al. 2015). Apple flesh feed at 11 deg Bx (11% solids), drum cylinder temperature 140 deg C, film residence time ~15 s, output 95 deg Bx (5% moisture). Functional unit at the cascade adapter is 1 kg dried product; this pool stores the equipment rate per kg water removed.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "drum_drying", "cylinder_heating" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/drying/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "de_marco_2015_3" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 2, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- De Marco et al. 2015 (Chem Eng Trans 43:193-198) reports plant-measured thermal and electrical loads at an Italian apple-powder firm; primary industrial data, not desk-derived.", "completeness": "3 -- drum-drying thermal + electrical and cylinder-heating loads are quantified; CIP, wastewater treatment, and packaging are out of the pool-entry scope.", "temporal": "2 -- published 2015, fieldwork ~2013-2014; atmospheric single-drum drying technology has not changed materially since.", "geographical": "2 -- single Italian apple-powder firm; representative for European apple-drum lines.", "technological": "2 -- single-drum atmospheric dryer at 140 C cylinder, ~15 s residence; the standard industrial route for high-solids fruit pulp." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "drum_dried_powder", "product_substrate": "apple", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy35", "product": "apple powder production, drum drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "drum_dried_powder", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "0e88dd3f4c86472c86e047b75cc955c0_copy1", "product": "generic fruit powder production, drum drying + grinding, GLO", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "drum_dried_powder", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "0e88dd3f4c86472c86e047b75cc955c0", "product": "generic fruit powder production, drum drying + grinding, RER", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "drum_dried_powder", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "0e88dd3f4c86472c86e047b75cc955c0_copy4", "product": "generic fruit powder production, drum drying, BR", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "drum_dried_powder", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "0e88dd3f4c86472c86e047b75cc955c0_copy2", "product": "generic fruit powder production, drum drying, RER", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "drum_dried_powder", "product_substrate": "generic_fruit", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "0e88dd3f4c86472c86e047b75cc955c0_copy3", "product": "generic fruit powder production, drum drying, RoW", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 6, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "drum_dried_powder" ], "n_used_by_products": 6 }, { "review_id": "R-2d56f5", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/guyomarch_2025_faba_isoelectric_pilot", "generator": "infrastructure", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "guyomarch_2025_faba_isoelectric_pilot", "plant_name": "Guyomarch 2025 IMPROVE SAS faba isoelectric protein pilot (France)", "location": "", "description": "Faba bean isoelectric protein extraction pilot (IMPROVE SAS, France). Per-operation machinery amortisation explicitly tabulated in source transcript across operations 2/4/6/7/8/9/10A/10B/12 with 30 yr lifetime; sum = 0.117 kg machinery / kg substrate input. Transcript: data/verification/transcriptions/guyomarch_2025_protein.txt. Pilot-scale amortisation -- industrial-scale equivalents amortise much lower.", "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/infrastructure/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "guyomarch_2025" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy37", "product": "high-moisture textured soy production, defatted-meal high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy28", "product": "industrial texturized pea protein production, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy34", "product": "legume flour processing to textured proteins, pea proxy, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy23", "product": "pea processing to textured protein, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy35", "product": "textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + low-moisture extrusion + hot-air drying", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy36", "product": "high-moisture textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": false, "via": "infrastructure" } ], "n_used_by": 6, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm" ], "n_used_by_products": 6 }, { "review_id": "R-7640c8", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/apple/hpx_press", "generator": "juice_extraction", "substrate": "apple", "technology": "hpx_press", "plant_name": "Zimmer 2017 HPX direct juice (Bucher Unipektin)", "location": "DE", "description": "HPX press, NFC direct juice route. No mash heating (cold mash handling at 0.2 kWh/t). Enzyme treatment status uncertain but not included in energy scope. Zimmer 2017 Table 1 cold-mash rows.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "flume_washing", "conveying", "milling", "mash_handling", "pressing" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/juice_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "zimmer_2017" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 2, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- manufacturer operational data (Bucher Unipektin) reported in trade publication. Per-step energy breakdown.", "completeness": "3 -- electricity only (100% electric process). No water/wastewater data. CIP excluded.", "temporal": "3 -- 2017 publication, operational data from ~2015-2016.", "geographical": "2 -- German plant; equipment internationally standardised (Bucher HPX sold globally).", "technological": "3 -- HPX belt press is one variant; basket press and screw press are alternatives for pome fruit." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.6, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "apple", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy1", "product": "apple juice concentrate production, extraction + HTST + multi-effect", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "beetroot", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "faf9e5671aca4b22b3e5110ae3d31b6f", "product": "beetroot juice concentrate production, belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "bell_pepper", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca_copy4", "product": "bell pepper juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "grape", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy3", "product": "grape juice concentrate production, HPX press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "pineapple", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "3c84753e6ee541d3b25d993a9c272954_copy1", "product": "pineapple juice production, extraction + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 6, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "pasteurised_juice" ], "n_used_by_products": 6 }, { "review_id": "R-be3d0d", "entry_path": "separation/faba_bean/isoelectric_protein", "generator": "separation", "substrate": "faba_bean", "technology": "isoelectric_protein", "plant_name": "IMPROVE SAS pilot, faba bean (variety C9863) wet protein isolation", "location": "FR", "description": "Wet protein isolation by alkaline extraction (pH ~9, NaOH) + isoelectric precipitation (pH ~4.5, HCl) + washing + neutralisation/pasteurisation. Output is wet protein isolate slurry (~11.6% DM, ~90% protein on DM basis). Drying handled by separate generator. Pre-treatment (cleaning, dehulling, grinding, milling) excluded -- assumed handled upstream (oil_extraction meal for oil crops; future dehulling+milling generators for pulses). Data: Guyomarc'h 2025 SI Excel files, IMPROVE SAS semi-industrial pilot in Dury, France. Operations 7 (alkaline extraction) through 10A (stabilisation) bundled per kg flour input (19.4 kg flour-as-fed at operation 8A; 29.6 kg wet output downstream). CIP cleaning chemicals (Op 12, NaOH 9.857 kg/batch) and spray drying (Op 10B, 329 kWh/batch) explicitly excluded.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "alkaline extraction (decanter + GEA clarifier)", "isoelectric precipitation (decanter + GEA separator)", "washing (separator)", "neutralisation + pasteurisation (75 C / 15 s)" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/separation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "guyomarch_2025", "vogelsang_odwyer_2020", "berardy_2015", "lie_piang_2021", "cosucra_2024" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 15, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary semi-industrial pilot data (IMPROVE SAS), per-operation electricity calculated from nominal equipment power x measured runtime. NaOH/HCl/water inputs measured. Published as Data in Brief (peer-reviewed), full inventory in supplementary Excel files (CC BY 4.0).", "completeness": "3 -- electricity, natural gas (pasteurisation), water, NaOH, HCl all captured. Compressed air estimated via STLO Rollair 1000 proxy. Equipment lifetime allocations included. Limitations: missing maintenance costs (~2.5%), spray drying excluded (separate generator).", "temporal": "2 -- 2024 production batches, published 2025. Current technology and equipment standards.", "geographical": "3 -- French pilot, EU-representative equipment (Flottweg, GEA). Substrate identity (faba C9863 variety) carries forward via product_properties; cross-substrate proxying via foodex2 distance.", "technological": "3 -- semi-industrial pilot scale (10-100 kg batches). Real industrial plants (1000+ kg batches) typically achieve 30-70% lower per-kg specific energy due to economies of scale and continuous operation. Min/max ranges below bracket pilot-to-industrial scale gap." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.6, "used_by": [ { "category": "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy37", "product": "high-moisture textured soy production, defatted-meal high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy28", "product": "industrial texturized pea protein production, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy34", "product": "legume flour processing to textured proteins, pea proxy, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy23", "product": "pea processing to textured protein, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy35", "product": "textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + low-moisture extrusion + hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "separation", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy36", "product": "high-moisture textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 6, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm" ], "n_used_by_products": 6 }, { "review_id": "R-0a3122", "entry_path": "oil_refining/soybean/chemical_nopa", "generator": "oil_refining", "substrate": "soybean", "technology": "chemical_nopa", "plant_name": "US soybean chemical refining (NOPA 2024, 26 plants)", "location": "US", "description": "US soybean oil chemical refining. Industry survey of 26 operating plants (NOPA 2024, Tables 4-2/4-3/4-4). Full chemical refining sequence: phosphoric acid degumming, caustic neutralisation, bleaching earth adsorption, steam deodorisation. Water data from 13 plants only (low response rate).", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "degumming", "neutralisation", "bleaching", "deodorisation" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_refining/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "nopa_2024" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 5, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 1, "geographical": 2, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- industry survey of 26 operating plants, but averaged across heterogeneous configurations.", "completeness": "2 -- electricity, thermal, NaOH, bleaching earth, water all reported. Phosphoric acid not separately reported (bundled with degumming). Activated carbon not reported.", "temporal": "1 -- 2024 survey data (2022-2023 production year).", "geographical": "2 -- US-specific (26 plants). Representative for US but not global.", "technological": "2 -- modern chemical refining (alkali neutralisation + bleaching + deodorisation)." }, "pedigree_mean": 1.8, "used_by": [ { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "peanut", "stage": "oil_refining", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy14", "product": "peanut oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rapeseed", "stage": "oil_refining", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy1", "product": "rapeseed oil production, organic, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "soybean_organic", "stage": "oil_refining", "ei_code": "cc4e468cae1f7558ac1af738ce7d4ecc_copy2", "product": "refined organic soybean oil production, extruding-expelling + chemical refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rapeseed", "stage": "oil_refining", "ei_code": "02462d2ce5744d8da7c4510e24ce3e92", "product": "refined rapeseed oil production, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "safflower_seed", "stage": "oil_refining", "ei_code": "e04fa7af095f47debfd6dbd542dc6168", "product": "safflower oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 5, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "refined_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 5 }, { "review_id": "R-0f2540", "entry_path": "concentration/pepper/multi_effect_evaporation", "generator": "concentration", "substrate": "pepper", "technology": "multi_effect_evaporation", "plant_name": "Turkish pepper paste plant evaporator (Adal 2024)", "location": "TR", "description": "Multi-effect vacuum evaporator (Shangai Chengdong). 2500 kg/h input, 1500 kg/h evaporating capacity. Steam economy 3.0.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "concentration" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/concentration/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "adal_2024", "estimated_from_beccali" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "estimated_from_beccali" ], "n_valued_flows": 5, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 4, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- manufacturer specs verified against plant measurements in exergy analysis", "completeness": "3 -- thermal and electrical; no cooling water or wastewater", "temporal": "3 -- published 2024, equipment from ~2020s", "geographical": "4 -- single Turkish pepper-paste plant audit (Adal 2024). The multi-effect vacuum evaporator is the European industrial standard for vegetable-paste concentration so the technology generalises well, but Turkish ambient conditions and the plant-specific steam economy of 3.0 are calibrated to one installation; cross-substrate / cross-region application carries a moderate geographic uncertainty.", "technological": "3 -- modern multi-effect vacuum evaporator" }, "pedigree_mean": 3.0, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "bell_pepper", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "d27758371f964c62acdac029b2680dca_copy4", "product": "bell pepper juice concentrate production, enzyme-aided belt-press + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "puree_concentrate", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy22", "product": "tomato paste production, hot-break + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "puree_concentrate", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy54", "product": "tomato paste production, hot-break + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "concentration", "ei_code": "4fa569d207644cf8b452d1693f106250_copy3", "product": "tomato powder production, multi-effect evaporation + spray drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 4, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "puree_concentrate", "spray_dried_powder_from_concentrate" ], "n_used_by_products": 4 }, { "review_id": "R-8c146b", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/floren_2013_oatly_landskrona", "generator": "consumables", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "floren_2013_oatly_landskrona", "plant_name": "Oatly Landskrona UHT aseptic line CIP overhead", "location": "", "description": "Thermal UHT aseptic plant-drink line (Florén 2013 SIK Report 831 for Oatly, Landskrona Sweden). Reports the first sanitiser figure in the screening (H2O2 for UHT). Oat-starch substrate is lower fouling than dairy protein. Refrigerant R407C leakage carried as metadata; route via biosphere exchange once Phase 5 biosphere wiring lands.", "verification_status": "AI-VERIFIED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/consumables/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "floren_2013" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [ { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "oat", "stage": "plant_drink_processing", "ei_code": "9e742cf82ad3497883a364c81e1dd64b_copy1", "product": "oat drink production, enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "rice", "stage": "plant_drink_processing", "ei_code": "44c0dbf97483463b825c2f8a6ddb3b61", "product": "rice milk production, enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "plant_drink_processing", "ei_code": "362128c3855548efb69a5df6041b130c", "product": "soy drink production, non-enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "plant_drink_processing", "ei_code": "f71a7a373b142faef527f73800b052f7_copy2", "product": "soy drink production, non-enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "consumables" } ], "n_used_by": 4, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "pasteurised_plant_drink" ], "n_used_by_products": 4 }, { "review_id": "R-6b37a7", "entry_path": "drying/generic_fruit/sundrying_open_air_fruit", "generator": "drying", "substrate": "generic_fruit", "technology": "sundrying_open_air_fruit", "plant_name": "Open-air sun drying (solar-passive, generic fruit)", "location": "GLO", "description": "Open-air sun drying as the generic solar-passive drying technology. Substrate-neutral: works on any fruit / herb that tolerates atmospheric drying at ambient solar conditions. Substrate moisture balance (input vs output) comes from product_properties.json processing_methods.sundrying.moisture_dried -- different substrates target different residual moisture levels (apricot 30.9 percent, plum 30.9 percent, tomato 25 percent, grape / raisin 15 percent) reflecting Codex commercial specs for solar-passive product. DQ pedigree [4,3,3,3,3]: data-source reliability axis is 4 because the zero-energy claim is a first-principles LCA position rather than a measured value; the other axes are 3 because solar-passive drying is genuinely the global commercial benchmark and the technology is well-characterised, just not metered per kg in the literature.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "solar_drying" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/drying/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "first_principles_solar_passive" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 4, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "4 -- the zero-operational-energy claim is a first-principles LCA position on solar-passive drying, not a metered field measurement.", "completeness": "3 -- solar-passive drying genuinely consumes no electricity, heat, or fuel at the activity boundary; substrate-side moisture-balance is delegated to product_properties.json.", "temporal": "3 -- solar-passive drying has not changed materially in centuries; temporal axis is meaningful only for residual-moisture targets (Codex specs, currently mid-2000s).", "geographical": "3 -- global default; the solar-passive drying technique is geographically uniform but climate and ambient humidity vary the residence time per substrate.", "technological": "3 -- well-characterised across the open literature; not metered per kg of product but mechanically simple enough that the zero-operational-energy claim is uncontroversial." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "sundried_fruit", "product_substrate": "grape", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy7", "product": "raisin (sundried grape) production, open-air solar drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "sundried_fruit", "product_substrate": "apricot", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy1", "product": "sundried apricot production, open-air solar drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "sundried_fruit", "product_substrate": "plum", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy6", "product": "sundried plum (prune) production, open-air solar drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "sundried_fruit", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "7ba356fe6c677e1d0be4e9c65b665369", "product": "sundried tomato production, open-air solar drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 4, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "sundried_fruit" ], "n_used_by_products": 4 }, { "review_id": "R-5a5ef3", "entry_path": "preparation/durum_wheat_pasta/bevilacqua_2007_industrial_pasta_plant", "generator": "preparation", "substrate": "durum_wheat_pasta", "technology": "bevilacqua_2007_industrial_pasta_plant", "plant_name": "Industrial durum wheat pasta plant, Italy (Bevilacqua 2007)", "location": "IT", "description": "Whole-line electricity and thermal energy for one industrial durum wheat pasta plant in Italy. Bevilacqua et al. 2007 aggregates the entire pasta-production line (dosing centrifuge, W-shaped paddle kneading basins, bronze-die cold extrusion, hot-air drying at 80 C, sieving, packaging) into a single 'productive process' electricity line plus a services electricity line. Mixing and cold extrusion cannot be disaggregated from this source. Thermal drying at 80 C uses natural gas + crude oil boilers producing 130-160 C hot water at 4-7 bar.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "dosing", "kneading", "cold_extrusion", "hot_air_drying", "sieving", "packaging", "services_lighting_hvac" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/preparation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "bevilacqua_2007" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 4, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- peer-reviewed foreground data from an Italian industrial pasta plant. Table 2 unit-process inventories with clear provenance.", "completeness": "3 -- reports whole-line electricity, natural gas, crude oil thermal for drying, cardboard + PP for packaging, and water. No per-unit-op disaggregation; no CIP or lubricant flows.", "temporal": "4 -- 2007 publication; pasta-line electrical efficiency has improved modestly since. Use as directional anchor.", "geographical": "3 -- Italian industrial plant, EU-representative for durum pasta processing.", "technological": "3 -- specific plant, industrial scale, bronze-die cold extrusion which is a common but not universal Italian technology (teflon-die is the alternative)." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "preparation:whole_line", "ei_code": "fa70f5043b474086b79a2e5784556476", "product": "durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "preparation:whole_line", "ei_code": "fa2699c598764b1fbb09f3b6a16fa4c6", "product": "durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making (cascade, market)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "preparation:whole_line", "ei_code": "fa70f5043b474086b79a2e5784556476_copy1", "product": "whole durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making (cascade, copy1)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dry_pasta", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "preparation:whole_line", "ei_code": "af0d33a61f6543c8ba2e29042af9aed8", "product": "whole durum wheat pasta production, grinding + pasta making (cascade, market)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 4, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "dry_pasta" ], "n_used_by_products": 4 }, { "review_id": "R-1c3ee8", "entry_path": "preparation/fresh_cut_vegetable_mix/rasines_2023_fresh_cut_line", "generator": "preparation", "substrate": "fresh_cut_vegetable_mix", "technology": "rasines_2023_fresh_cut_line", "plant_name": "Fresh-cut mixed vegetable line, northeast Spain (Rasines 2023)", "location": "ES", "description": "Whole-line Core-stage electricity for a fresh-cut vegetable processing plant in northeast Spain. Rasines et al. 2023 Table 2, fresh-cut variant (0.4 / 0.8 kg PP tray). Substrate mix: cauliflower, broccoli, green bean, fava bean, carrot, onion, potato, leek, celery (+ eggplant for pre-cooked; pre-cooked variant not authored here per audit-uncertainty on the 10.1 kWh/kg value). Core stage bundles: raw vegetable inspection, cold storage (3-8 C), product preparation (selection, peeling, etc.), cutting, washing and disinfection, drain, packaging, and cold storage of finished product (2-4 C). No per-op disaggregation available from this source.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "raw_vegetables_inspection", "cold_storage_inbound", "product_preparation_selection_peeling", "cutting", "washing_and_disinfection", "drain", "packaging_fresh_cut", "cold_storage_finished" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/preparation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "rasines_2023" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- peer-reviewed foreground data from an EPCM project for a Spanish vegetable processing plant designed 2020, planned for construction. Not field-measurement from an operating plant.", "completeness": "3 -- reports whole-line electricity, process water (wash + facility cleaning + blanching water for pre-cooked), and wastewater. Peeling is included in the bundle; formally peeling routes to dehulling in the tributary architecture. Because Rasines lumps peeling into the same electricity line, whole_line entries retain peeling as part of the bundle and callers must NOT add a separate dehulling stage to avoid double counting.", "temporal": "2 -- 2023 publication, 2020-design plant; represents current EU industrial practice.", "geographical": "3 -- Spanish plant, EU-representative for fresh-cut processing.", "technological": "3 -- specific plant design, but scale and mix are typical of EU fresh-cut vegetable plants." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.8, "used_by": [ { "category": "fresh_cut_vegetable_line", "product_substrate": "french_bean", "stage": "preparation:whole_line", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003106155", "product": "french bean, peeled, fresh-cut line (cascade, Rasines 2023)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "fresh_cut_vegetable_line", "product_substrate": "leek", "stage": "preparation:whole_line", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003108548", "product": "leek, peeled, fresh-cut line (cascade, Rasines 2023)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "fresh_cut_vegetable_line", "product_substrate": "onion", "stage": "preparation:whole_line", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003110478", "product": "onions, peeled, fresh-cut line (cascade, Rasines 2023)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "fresh_cut_vegetable_line", "product_substrate": "pineapple", "stage": "preparation:whole_line", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003111317", "product": "pineapple, peeled and cored, fresh-cut line (cascade, Rasines 2023)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 4, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "fresh_cut_vegetable_line" ], "n_used_by_products": 4 }, { "review_id": "R-69e5b8", "entry_path": "protein_extrusion/soy/lm_extrusion", "generator": "protein_extrusion", "substrate": "soy", "technology": "lm_extrusion", "plant_name": "DIL Quakenbrueck pilot -- Coperion ZSK 43 Mv, TVP soy (Saerens 2021)", "location": "DE", "description": "Low-moisture extrusion (TVP) of defatted soymeal/SPC at DIL e.V. pilot plant. Coperion ZSK 43 Mv co-rotating water-cooled twin-screw extruder, electric barrel jacket (no steam), expansion die ZGF 70 (4 holes x 4 mm). Feed product 72 kg/h + water 18 L/h = total 90 kg/h; screw speed 700 rpm; barrel temperature 130-140 deg C; die pressure 44 bar; product temperature at die 144 deg C. Output: wet TVP at ~20 percent moisture content; post-extrusion drying to <10 percent is OUT OF SCOPE (separate drying subprocess generator). Useful-product yield 92.9 percent per 8 h extrusion phase (640.00 kg useful / 48.66 kg waste; Saerens Table 1+3). Cycle definition = warm-up + start-up + 8 h extrusion = 543 min.\n\nSystem boundary coverage (per SUBPROCESS_GENERATOR_GUIDE §3.15):\n Inputs:\n [x] Electricity -- twin-screw drive + electric barrel jacket + knife\n [x] Heating (thermal) -- zero (electric jacket only; no steam)\n [x] Process water -- in-barrel injection 18 L/h\n [x] Cooling water -- barrel jacket + die cooling, open-loop biosphere\n [?] Process chemicals -- [n/a] extrusion is purely physical, no in-process chemistry\n [?] Compressed air -- [n/a] not reported by Saerens; pilot single-line setup\n [ ] CIP chemicals -- delegated to consumables subprocess (pending)\n [ ] Infrastructure -- delegated to infrastructure subprocess (pending)\n Outputs:\n [x] Wastewater -- effectively zero; process water retained in product or evaporated at die\n [x] Solid waste -- biowaste, treated as biowaste after extrusion (Saerens p. 7)\n [?] Co-products -- [n/a] single-output process\n Direct emissions:\n [?] Refrigerant losses -- [n/a] heated process, no refrigeration loop\n [?] Process emissions -- [n/a] electric heating, no in-boundary combustion or fermentation", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "twin-screw extruder drive (motor + gearbox)", "electric barrel jacket heating (5 zones)", "in-barrel water injection", "knife / venturi die", "barrel + die cooling water (open-loop biosphere)", "warm-up + start-up overhead (full-cycle basis)" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/protein_extrusion/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "saerens_2021_extrusion", "definition", "handled_by_consumables", "webb_2023_pea_wheat_soy_extrusion", "smetana_2015" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "definition", "handled_by_consumables" ], "n_valued_flows": 11, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary measurement at DIL pilot plant during 2019-2020 production trials. Published in J Clean Prod (peer-reviewed). Direct meter readings of electrical consumption and total water draw.", "completeness": "2 -- electricity, process water injection, cooling water (derived), solid waste (derived from yields) all captured. Wastewater = zero by water-balance closure (process water retained or evaporated; cleaning between batches delegated to consumables). NG and steam structurally absent (electric jacket). CIP chemicals + infrastructure deferred to dedicated future subprocesses per architecture. No [?] items remain: process chemicals [n/a] (no chemistry), compressed air [n/a] (not reported), co-products [n/a] (single output), refrigerants [n/a] (no cooling loop), process emissions [n/a] (electric heating).", "temporal": "2 -- 2019-2020 production trials, published 2021. Current technology and equipment standards.", "geographical": "3 -- DIL Germany pilot (DE); EU-representative Coperion equipment. Industrial scale (kg/h class) may achieve modest efficiency gains via heat-recovery + continuous operation.", "technological": "3 -- DIL pilot at 90 kg/h total throughput; industrial TVP plants run 200-1000 kg/h. Saerens 0.26 kWh/kg useful is full-cycle (includes ~12 percent warm-up / start-up overhead per Table 3); steady-state extrusion-only is 0.23 kWh/kg. Min/max ranges bracket pilot-vs-industrial." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy28", "product": "industrial texturized pea protein production, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy34", "product": "legume flour processing to textured proteins, pea proxy, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy23", "product": "pea processing to textured protein, low-moisture wet route", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy35", "product": "textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + low-moisture extrusion + hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 4, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route" ], "n_used_by_products": 4 }, { "review_id": "R-faba90", "entry_path": "pulping/tomato/hot_break_screw", "generator": "pulping", "substrate": "tomato", "technology": "hot_break_screw", "plant_name": "Sacramento Foods tomato paste plant (Singh 1980)", "location": "US", "description": "Tomato hot-break paste line at Sacramento Foods, California. Process: crusher (5 units) -> pump -> horizontal + vertical heat exchangers (hot-break, 4+1 units) -> pulper (3 units) -> finisher (3 units) -> pump -> [to evaporator]. Thermal energy is fuel-side (after 70% assumed boiler efficiency). Electrical includes all motors and pumps within the crushing-to-finishing boundary.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "crushing", "hot_break", "pulping", "finishing", "pumping_within_scope" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/pulping/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "singh_1980" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 5, "geographical": 4, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- measured at plant with steam flow meters and electric transducers (primary field data)", "completeness": "3 -- one plant, one season (end-of-season, 6 days thermal + monthly electrical)", "temporal": "5 -- data from 1979, 45+ years old. Equipment efficiency has improved since (modern boilers 80-90% vs assumed 70%). Pattern of energy distribution across equipment is still structurally relevant.", "geographical": "4 -- US (Sacramento, California), not European. US and EU tomato processing use similar equipment vendors but grid mix and regulatory context differ.", "technological": "3 -- industrial scale (386 t/shift), representative of large-plant tomato paste production. Equipment vintage (late 1970s atmospheric retorts, lye-bath peelers) is older than modern plants." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "puree", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "45606c0ccae946a8ab37e0aa388a3477", "product": "tomato pulp production, hot-break pulping", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "puree", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy19", "product": "tomato puree production, hot-break pulping", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "puree_concentrate", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy22", "product": "tomato paste production, hot-break + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "puree_concentrate", "product_substrate": "tomato", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy54", "product": "tomato paste production, hot-break + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 4, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "puree", "puree_concentrate" ], "n_used_by_products": 4 }, { "review_id": "R-17a852", "entry_path": "drying/medicinal_herb/grate_dried_batch_ziegler", "generator": "drying", "substrate": "medicinal_herb", "technology": "grate_dried_batch_ziegler", "plant_name": "Batch fixed-bed grate dryer for medicinal/aromatic herbs (chamomile flowers, ~40 deg C, partial air recirculation)", "location": "DE", "description": "Substrate-specific batch fixed-bed grate dryer for medicinal/aromatic herbs, applicable to low-temperature (~40 deg C) drying of chamomile flowers and, as an aromatic-herb proxy, mint and rosemary leaves. Selectable route for the three herb substrates that previously proxied the generic_fruit industrial belt/tunnel dryer (whose _note flagged the medicinal-herb regime as an over-estimate; Ziegler shows the opposite -- a modest UNDER-estimate plus an omitted blower-electricity flow). Specific energy is stored per kg WATER REMOVED (technology rate); the cascade adapter scales by each substrate's water_removed = wet_input_per_kg_dried - 1.0 (from product_properties.json). Directly measured for chamomile; a documented proxy for mint and rosemary (same low-temperature batch herb-drying regime).", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "hot_air_drying", "grate_bed_air_heating", "dryer_blowers" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/drying/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "ziegler_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 1 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- Ziegler 2020 (Drying Technology 38(3)) is a model-based engineering case study grounded in a specific Thuringia grate-drying facility, DWD Test Reference Year ambient air, and manufacturer/operational batch data (16.8 t fresh, 100 m2 grate). Primary industrial configuration, not a desk-derived generic rate.", "completeness": "2 -- thermal (delivered heat) and electrical (dryer blowers) quantified per kg water removed for the drying unit operation; upstream cultivation/harvest and downstream handling correctly excluded from this gate-to-gate drying pool entry.", "temporal": "2 -- published 2020, representative of current-generation batch grate dryers for herbs.", "geographical": "3 -- single Thuringia (Germany) facility; taken as representative for European medicinal-herb grate drying.", "technological": "1 -- exact technology match: fixed-bed grate batch drying of chamomile flowers at ~40 deg C with partial air recirculation." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.0, "used_by": [ { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "chamomile", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "8979aaf2fc7746d4b6a98e0d252fcd43", "product": "dried chamomile flower production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "mint", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "4b62808842044a0cbc0951f831a06b77_copy3", "product": "dried mint production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "rosemary", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "8f877840388f494c97e9409bbee15350", "product": "dried rosemary production, hot-air drying", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 3, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "dried_fruit" ], "n_used_by_products": 3 }, { "review_id": "R-0a4273", "entry_path": "drying/strawberry/freeze_batch_fruit_prosapio", "generator": "drying", "substrate": "strawberry", "technology": "freeze_batch_fruit_prosapio", "plant_name": "UK batch freeze dryer for strawberry (Prosapio et al. 2017)", "location": "GBR", "description": "Batch freeze dryer for strawberry: -20 deg C freezing followed by vacuum drying with condenser at -110 deg C (Prosapio et al. 2017 Section 2.3, Table 1). Norfolk-grown strawberries, English electricity mix. 2.85 kg strawberry feed yields 0.45 kg dried product including binding water; 2.43 kg water removed by sublimation. Functional unit at the cascade adapter is 1 kg dried product; this pool stores the equipment rate per kg water removed.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "freezing", "vacuum_drying", "condenser_cooling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/drying/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "prosapio_2017" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- Prosapio et al. 2017 (Food Bioprod Process 110:8-22) reports plant-measured electrical loads on a UK pilot-scale batch freeze dryer; primary measurement on Norfolk-grown strawberries, not desk-derived.", "completeness": "3 -- freezing + vacuum-drying + condenser-cooling electricity are quantified; CIP chemicals, infrastructure, and ancillary refrigeration are not separately reported.", "temporal": "2 -- published 2017, fieldwork ~2015-2016; batch freeze-drying equipment for fruit is mature and has not changed materially since.", "geographical": "3 -- UK pilot scale; freeze-drying equipment is geographically uniform but the English grid mix is specific to the entry's location.", "technological": "2 -- canonical -20 C freezing followed by vacuum drying with -110 C condenser; the de facto standard for high-value fruit freeze drying." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "freeze_dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "blueberry", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "37c201b20c024a54ae4cb8ef39596588", "product": "freeze-dried blueberry production", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "freeze_dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "raspberry", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "6df4b73980824f04976a9f9377391774_copy1", "product": "freeze-dried raspberry production", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "freeze_dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "strawberry", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "843987d226d94ab986180bb98744a6ad_copy3", "product": "freeze-dried strawberry production", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 3, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "freeze_dried_fruit" ], "n_used_by_products": 3 }, { "review_id": "R-a22b56", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/olive/decanter_proietti", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "olive", "technology": "decanter_proietti", "plant_name": "Italian EVOO mill average, 7 companies (Proietti et al. 2017)", "location": "IT", "description": "Average of 7 Italian EVOO companies (Proietti 2017 Table 6). Electricity 0.212-0.367 kWh/L oil (mean 0.256). Heat 0.043-0.525 kWhth/L oil (mean 0.371, malaxation only). Converted to per-kg-olives using Company A extraction rate (16.3% oil yield by mass). Olive decanter is almost 100% electric; thermal is only for malaxation paste warming.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "olive_washing", "crushing", "malaxation", "decanter_centrifuge", "vertical_centrifuge", "storage" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "proietti_2017", "nopa_2024" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 2, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 3, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary industrial data from 7 Italian EVOO companies. Network analyser measurements for electricity (Company A). Other companies from production records.", "completeness": "2 -- electricity and thermal (natural gas for malaxation). No water or wastewater reported.", "temporal": "3 -- production data from ~2013-2015 harvest seasons.", "geographical": "3 -- central Italy (Umbria). Representative of Italian EVOO mills.", "technological": "2 -- continuous 2/3-phase decanter centrifuge (modern EVOO standard). Almost 100% electric except malaxation heating." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "olive", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "185dff39133543a0be5e8818f036664b", "product": "olive oil production, decanter extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "olive", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "8e9dd7b1faa94a0f9f2a8de8672d08d1", "product": "olive oil production, decanter extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "olive", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "185dff39133543a0be5e8818f036664b_copy1", "product": "olive oil production, decanter extraction, Pattara", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 3, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "crude_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 3 }, { "review_id": "R-7e3684", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/sunflower/prepress_solvent_nilsson", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "sunflower", "technology": "prepress_solvent_nilsson", "plant_name": "Sunflower pre-press + solvent extraction (Nilsson et al. 2010, Unilever suppliers)", "location": "RER", "description": "Unilever supplier data for sunflower oil extraction (2005-2008). Values identical to rapeseed (same technology applied). 500 MJ electricity + 1680 MJ steam per 1000 kg crude oil at 40% oil yield = 200 MJ elec + 672 MJ steam per tonne seed.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "seed_preparation", "solvent_extraction", "desolventisation", "crude_oil_recovery" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "nilsson_2010", "nopa_2024" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 2, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 1, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 2, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "1 -- primary industrial data from Unilever supply chain 2005-2008. Verified against ecoinvent v2.0 and SIK database ('high degree of similarity').", "completeness": "3 -- electricity and steam only. No water, wastewater, or hexane loss quantified (hexane stated as 2 kg/1000 kg oil but this is per crude oil, not per seed).", "temporal": "3 -- 2005-2008 supplier data.", "geographical": "2 -- EU generic (Unilever European suppliers).", "technological": "2 -- standard industrial pre-press + solvent. Identical values to rapeseed entry (same process, different seed)." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "sunflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "5236a3ecaa2c5d64f960303e4726aaff_copy5", "product": "sunflower meal production, solvent extraction, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "sunflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "5236a3ecaa2c5d64f960303e4726aaff_copy6", "product": "sunflower lecithin production, extraction + refining, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "sunflower_seed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "5236a3ecaa2c5d64f960303e4726aaff_copy4", "product": "sunflower oil production, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 3, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "crude_oil", "refined_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 3 }, { "review_id": "R-079395", "entry_path": "pasteurisation/orange/htst", "generator": "pasteurisation", "substrate": "orange", "technology": "htst", "plant_name": "Beccali 2009 Fig 1 orange HTST pasteurisation", "location": "IT", "description": "HTST pasteurisation: juice heated from 20-25°C to 80°C (steam at 105°C), held 15-20s, cooled to 25°C. Includes cooling water circulation.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "pasteurisation", "cooling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/pasteurisation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "beccali_2009" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 1, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- Beccali 2009 reports plant-measured thermal and electrical loads on a Sicilian citrus pasteurisation line; primary industrial data, not desk-derived.", "completeness": "3 -- thermal + electricity + cooling water are quantified; CIP chemicals, wastewater treatment, and ancillary equipment are not separately reported.", "temporal": "3 -- published 2009, fieldwork ~2007-2008; HTST plate-HEX equipment has not changed materially since.", "geographical": "1 -- Sicily, Italy; primary target for the orange / RER pool.", "technological": "2 -- continuous HTST at 80 C / 15 s on indirect plate HEX with cold-side recovery; the canonical industrial OJ pasteurisation route." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "bba0fb0267ac4f23aba0f1802b3dd23e_copy12", "product": "orange juice concentrate production, NFC + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy61", "product": "NFC orange juice production, cold-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "generic", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy15", "product": "generic juice production, extraction + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 3, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "pasteurised_juice" ], "n_used_by_products": 3 }, { "review_id": "R-f6d58b", "entry_path": "pulping/tomato/cold_crushing_pulping", "generator": "pulping", "substrate": "tomato", "technology": "cold_crushing_pulping", "plant_name": "Turkish tomato paste plant equipment survey (Karakaya 2011)", "location": "TR", "description": "Cold crushing + pulping for tomato paste, no hot-break thermal pretreatment. Process: crusher (Jiadi JD-PS-40, 40 t/h) -> pulper to 0.8 mm mesh (Jiadi JD-DJ-40, 40 t/h) -> [to evaporator]. Equipment energy ratings from Chinese manufacturer specifications, not field-measured. Electricity only -- no steam/thermal step before pulping.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "crushing", "pulping" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/pulping/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "singh_1980", "karakaya_2011" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 4, "temporal": 4, "geographical": 4, "technological": 4 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- equipment energy ratings from Chinese manufacturer (Jiadi Machinery) specifications, not field-measured. Rated power may differ from actual consumption under load.", "completeness": "4 -- manufacturer ratings only. No seasonal variation, no waste or water data, no co-product tracking.", "temporal": "4 -- published 2011 with equipment from ~2009-2010 Chinese manufacturers. 15 years old.", "geographical": "4 -- Turkey. Equipment is Chinese-manufactured (Jiadi, Shantou Zhengyi). Not representative of European or US plant practice.", "technological": "4 -- cold crushing + pulping only (no hot-break). This technology class is less common for industrial tomato paste than hot-break. Representative of smaller or cost-optimised plants." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.8, "used_by": [ { "category": "pasteurised_puree", "product_substrate": "raspberry", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003106364", "product": "frozen raspberry puree production, sieving + HTST + deep-freezing", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "puree_concentrate", "product_substrate": "mango", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "21d4a72c46124ea7bd40be25063b8ab8", "product": "mango juice concentrate production, paddle pulping + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "strawberry_coulis", "product_substrate": "strawberry", "stage": "pulping", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003115001", "product": "strawberry coulis production, pulping + cane-sugar formulation + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 3, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "pasteurised_puree", "puree_concentrate", "strawberry_coulis" ], "n_used_by_products": 3 }, { "review_id": "R-735377", "entry_path": "grain_milling/rice/rice_milling_raw_goyal", "generator": "grain_milling", "substrate": "rice", "technology": "rice_milling_raw_goyal", "plant_name": "Modern raw rice mill (Goyal et al. 2012, via Kapur et al. 1994 Table 1)", "location": "IN", "description": "Modern (rubber-roll sheller + abrasive polisher) raw rice mill electricity benchmark from Goyal, Jogdand and Agrawal (2012), a peer-reviewed critical appraisal of rice-milling energy patterns in J Food Sci Technol. The 22 kWh/t paddy central value is the Kapur et al. 1994 modern-mill mechanical energy intensity, corroborated by the body-text statement that modern mills cluster at 18-26 kWh/t paddy. Geography IN (India) because the paper surveys Indian commercial rice mills. DQ pedigree [3,3,4,3,3]: reliable peer-reviewed source (3); modern-mill scope well-bounded (3); 1994 underlying data slightly old (4); India representative for South Asian rice processing but not for the Indian-Mediterranean spectrum (3); rubber-roll modern mill well-characterised (3). Sum = 16. Stored on native per-kg-paddy basis; cascade-adapter scales to per-kg-milled-rice for the final mapping entry.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "pre_cleaning", "dehusking", "paddy_separation", "whitening", "polishing", "grading" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/grain_milling/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "goyal_2012_rice-milling" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 4, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- Goyal et al. 2012 (J Food Sci Technol) is a peer-reviewed critical appraisal of rice-milling energy patterns; the 22 kWh/t paddy central value is reproduced from Kapur et al. 1994 Table 1.", "completeness": "3 -- mechanical energy across the full modern-mill milling section (pre-cleaning + dehusking + paddy separation + whitening + polishing + grading) is quantified; thermal energy is not used by modern raw-rice mills.", "temporal": "4 -- Kapur et al. 1994 underlying data is now ~30 years old; modern mill equipment has been incrementally refined since but no broad survey has superseded the Kapur benchmark.", "geographical": "3 -- Indian commercial rice mills; representative for South Asian rice processing but not for the Italian or Spanish Mediterranean rice industry.", "technological": "3 -- rubber-roll sheller + abrasive polisher line; the canonical modern-mill configuration globally." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rice", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy30", "product": "rice bran (milling co-product) production", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "flour", "product_substrate": "rice", "stage": "grain_milling", "ei_code": "f9d73f121a9212436589c6aba82d977e_copy31", "product": "rice flour (milled white rice) production", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 2, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "flour" ], "n_used_by_products": 2 }, { "review_id": "R-21f2be", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/orange/cold_press", "generator": "juice_extraction", "substrate": "orange", "technology": "cold_press", "plant_name": "Italian orange cold-press plant (Beccali 2009)", "location": "IT", "description": "Orange extraction-only energy from Beccali 2009 Fig 1 (Sicilian citrus plant, 2005). In-line citrus extractor: washing, extraction, EO refining. 100% electric.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "washing", "extraction", "eo_refining" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/juice_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "beccali_2009" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 4, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 1, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- secondary data derived from Beccali 2009 Fig 1 annual mass/energy balance.", "completeness": "4 -- electricity and water only.", "temporal": "3 -- 2005 production data from a Sicilian citrus processing plant.", "geographical": "1 -- Italian citrus region (Sicily). Directly representative.", "technological": "2 -- FMC/JBT in-line citrus extractor." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.6, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "bba0fb0267ac4f23aba0f1802b3dd23e_copy12", "product": "orange juice concentrate production, NFC + HTST + multi-effect concentration", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_juice", "product_substrate": "orange", "stage": "extraction", "ei_code": "f6f77ea55b899fc004f972b0de98870a_copy61", "product": "NFC orange juice production, cold-press + HTST pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 2, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate", "pasteurised_juice" ], "n_used_by_products": 2 }, { "review_id": "R-abe327", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/coconut_copra/expeller_solvent_yani", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "coconut_copra", "technology": "expeller_solvent_yani", "plant_name": "Indonesian copra expeller + solvent extraction (Yani et al. 2022, Riau)", "location": "ID", "description": "Copra oil extraction (expeller + solvent) at industrial facility in Riau, Indonesia (Yani 2022). COM (crude oil manufacturing = expeller) + SEP (solvent extraction of expeller cake) sub-systems only. Refining (ROP) excluded -- it belongs in future oil_refining generator. Coal-fired boiler: thermal energy mapped to coal_heat_mj because the source facility uses coal-fired steam.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "copra_expelling", "solvent_extraction_residual_cake", "desolventisation" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "yani_2022", "nopa_2024" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 2, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 4, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary industrial data from single unnamed facility in Riau, Indonesia. ISO 14040 framework.", "completeness": "2 -- electricity, steam, coal (boiler fuel). Hexane for SEP sub-system. Refining (ROP) EXCLUDED from this pool entry.", "temporal": "2 -- ~2020 production data.", "geographical": "4 -- single Indonesian facility, coal-fired boiler. Not representative of gas/biomass-fired plants.", "technological": "2 -- copra expeller + solvent extraction of residual cake (COM + SEP). Standard industrial coconut oil route." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "coconut_copra", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000009084602737", "product": "copra-based refined coconut oil production, extraction + physical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "coconut_copra", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000009084602739", "product": "copra-based refined coconut oil production, extraction + physical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 2, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "refined_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 2 }, { "review_id": "R-0643d1", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/rapeseed/prepress_solvent_conventional", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "rapeseed", "technology": "prepress_solvent_conventional", "plant_name": "French rapeseed FCP + solvent extraction (Quinsac et al. 2015, Table 6 FCP route)", "location": "FR", "description": "Rapeseed conventional FCP route: flaking, cooking (75 kWh/t thermal benchmark), pressing, pelletizing, then solvent extraction + desolventisation + distillation with DT heat recovery. Quinsac Table 6 full process. Some stages are industry benchmarks (cooking), some are pilot measurements (pressing SME 7.2 kWh/t). Extraction section identical between FCP and CP routes.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "conditioning", "flaking", "cooking", "pressing", "pelletizing_preparation", "solvent_extraction", "desolventisation", "distillation", "pelletizing_extraction", "storage_logistics" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "quinsac_2015", "demarco_2020", "nopa_2024" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 4, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 3, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- pilot pressing measurements (SME) combined with industry benchmark values for other stages. Mix of measured and literature data.", "completeness": "2 -- electricity and thermal fully covered (all stages). No hexane, water, or wastewater reported.", "temporal": "3 -- 2008-2009 pilot trial; some benchmarks from Carre 2012.", "geographical": "3 -- French seeds/factors; equipment internationally standardised.", "technological": "2 -- FCP (flaking-cooking-pressing + solvent) is the dominant EU rapeseed route." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rapeseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "fcef0684e9a7d8e677806c68294e6887_copy1", "product": "rapeseed oil production, organic, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rapeseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "02462d2ce5744d8da7c4510e24ce3e92", "product": "refined rapeseed oil production, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 2, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "refined_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 2 }, { "review_id": "R-ee6aa3", "entry_path": "oil_refining/coconut_copra/physical_yani", "generator": "oil_refining", "substrate": "coconut_copra", "technology": "physical_yani", "plant_name": "Indonesian copra physical refining, Refined Oil Plant (Yani et al. 2022, Riau)", "location": "ID", "description": "Refined Oil Plant (ROP) sub-system for copra-based refined coconut oil. Yani et al. 2022 Table 3 reports crude coconut oil, bleaching earth, activated carbon, phosphoric acid, water, steam, electricity, refined coconut oil, fatty acid oil, organic loss, wastewater, and steam out per kg refined coconut oil. The three electricity submeter rows are provenance only and are not double-counted beyond the reported total electricity row.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "crude_oil_storage", "acid_degumming", "bleaching", "deodorisation_steam_stripping", "fatty_acid_oil_recovery", "wastewater_discharge" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_refining/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "yani_2022" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 7, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 4, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary industrial data from one unnamed facility in Riau, Indonesia.", "completeness": "2 -- electricity, steam, water, wastewater, bleaching earth, activated carbon, phosphoric acid, refined oil, fatty acid oil, and organic loss are reported. Activated carbon is tracked but skipped because no compatible BAFU activity is available.", "temporal": "2 -- 2022 publication; facility data are contemporary to the study.", "geographical": "4 -- single Indonesian facility with coal-fired site utilities; not representative of European gas-fired refineries.", "technological": "2 -- physical refining / RBD coconut oil plant with bleaching and deodorisation." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "coconut_copra", "stage": "oil_refining", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000009084602737", "product": "copra-based refined coconut oil production, extraction + physical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "coconut_copra", "stage": "oil_refining", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000009084602739", "product": "copra-based refined coconut oil production, extraction + physical refining", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 2, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "refined_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 2 }, { "review_id": "R-4531cb", "entry_path": "oil_refining/sunflower/physical_nilsson", "generator": "oil_refining", "substrate": "sunflower", "technology": "physical_nilsson", "plant_name": "Sunflower physical refining (Nilsson 2010, Table 3)", "location": "Europe", "description": "Sunflower oil physical refining. From Nilsson 2010 Table 3 (p. 920). Physical refining uses high-temperature steam stripping for simultaneous deodorisation and free fatty acid removal, avoiding NaOH. Bleaching earth consumption higher than soybean due to higher carotenoid content.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "degumming", "bleaching", "deodorisation_steam_stripping" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_refining/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "nilsson_2010" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 2, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- peer-reviewed LCI study with transparent methodology.", "completeness": "3 -- electricity, steam, bleaching earth reported. No NaOH (physical refining). Activated carbon reported but skipped (no BAFU activity). No water data.", "temporal": "2 -- 2010 publication. Refining technology has not changed substantially since.", "geographical": "2 -- European production context.", "technological": "2 -- physical refining (steam stripping instead of caustic neutralisation). Typical for sunflower oil with low phospholipid content." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "sunflower_seed", "stage": "oil_refining", "ei_code": "5236a3ecaa2c5d64f960303e4726aaff_copy6", "product": "sunflower lecithin production, extraction + refining, mass-allocated", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "sunflower_seed", "stage": "oil_refining", "ei_code": "5236a3ecaa2c5d64f960303e4726aaff_copy4", "product": "sunflower oil production, extraction + chemical refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 2, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "refined_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 2 }, { "review_id": "R-fe93d1", "entry_path": "plant_drink_processing/oat/enzymatic_wet_chain", "generator": "plant_drink_processing", "substrate": "oat", "technology": "enzymatic_wet_chain", "plant_name": "Oatly Landskrona aseptic line (Floren 2013, SIK Report 831)", "location": "SE", "description": "Oatly Landskrona aseptic oat drink line, 4,756 t/yr (2012). Equipment energy from Floren 2013 Appendix 1 Table A1a steps 1-11 + step 18. Excludes UHT (step 12, 1.102 MJ/kg -- pasteurisation generator), filling, palletising, warehouse, lab.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "oat_silos", "water_heating_for_milling", "wet_milling", "enzymation_1", "vb_cooking_1", "enzymation_2", "vb_cooking_2", "separation_decanting", "formulation", "final_cooling", "silo_storage", "maintenance_compressors" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/plant_drink_processing/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "floren_2013" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 3, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary industrial data from Oatly 2012 production records, reported by SIK. Externally audited by SP.", "completeness": "2 -- covers electricity, natural gas, cooling water. Enzyme in pool (technology-specific). Recipe ingredients + product water in product_properties.", "temporal": "3 -- 2012 production data.", "geographical": "3 -- Swedish plant; equipment internationally standardised.", "technological": "2 -- Oatly market leader; Landskrona line representative of industrial oat drink. Per-step decomposition in source MD." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "oat", "stage": "plant_drink_processing", "ei_code": "9e742cf82ad3497883a364c81e1dd64b_copy1", "product": "oat drink production, enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "rice", "stage": "plant_drink_processing", "ei_code": "44c0dbf97483463b825c2f8a6ddb3b61", "product": "rice milk production, enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 2, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "pasteurised_plant_drink" ], "n_used_by_products": 2 }, { "review_id": "R-dd2152", "entry_path": "plant_drink_processing/soy/non_enzymatic_wet_chain", "generator": "plant_drink_processing", "substrate": "soy", "technology": "non_enzymatic_wet_chain", "plant_name": "Belgian soy beverage processor (Grant 2018 SI Table S3, citing Ercin 2012)", "location": "RER", "description": "Belgian soy beverage processor from Ercin 2012, via Grant 2018 SI Table S3 (image-recovered). Steam-only thermal input (0.3 kg steam/L). Soy cooking (90-100C) serves dual purpose: antinutrient inactivation + partial sterilisation.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "hull_steaming", "high_pressure_cooking", "grinding_with_water", "centrifuge_separation", "homogenisation", "cooling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/plant_drink_processing/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "grant_2018", "definition" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "definition" ], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 4, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- Ercin et al. 2012 single Belgian processor. Steam from ProSoya Inc. SimaPro dataset.", "completeness": "3 -- covers steam (thermal). No separate electricity reported. No cooling water reported.", "temporal": "4 -- Ercin 2012 data.", "geographical": "3 -- Belgian plant; technology internationally standardised.", "technological": "3 -- generic soy beverage line per SunOpta (2015) process description." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "plant_drink_processing", "ei_code": "362128c3855548efb69a5df6041b130c", "product": "soy drink production, non-enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "pasteurised_plant_drink", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "plant_drink_processing", "ei_code": "f71a7a373b142faef527f73800b052f7_copy2", "product": "soy drink production, non-enzymatic wet chain + pasteurisation", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 2, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "pasteurised_plant_drink" ], "n_used_by_products": 2 }, { "review_id": "R-3b0a41", "entry_path": "protein_extrusion/soy/hmme_extrusion", "generator": "protein_extrusion", "substrate": "soy", "technology": "hmme_extrusion", "plant_name": "DIL Quakenbrueck pilot -- Coperion ZSK 43 Mv, HME soy (Saerens 2021)", "location": "DE", "description": "High-moisture meat-analogue extrusion (HME) of defatted soymeal at DIL e.V. pilot plant. Coperion ZSK 43 Mv co-rotating water-cooled twin-screw extruder with cooling die FKD-2100 (rectangular, 4 segments 800x12x147 mm). Electric barrel jacket only (no steam). Feed product 58 kg/h + water 112 L/h = total 170 kg/h; screw speed 1300 rpm; barrel temperature 120-160 deg C; die pressure 28 bar; product temperature at die 124 deg C. Output: wet fibrous extrudate at >50 percent moisture; NO post-extrusion drying. Useful-product yield 96.8 percent per cycle (1439.12 kg useful / 48.01 kg waste; Saerens Table 1+3).\n\nSystem boundary coverage (per §3.15):\n Inputs:\n [x] Electricity -- twin-screw drive (high-shear) + electric barrel jacket\n [x] Heating (thermal) -- zero (electric jacket only)\n [x] Process water -- in-barrel injection 112 L/h (much higher than TVP)\n [x] Cooling water -- barrel jacket + cooling die FKD-2100, open-loop biosphere\n [?] Process chemicals -- [n/a] no chemistry\n [?] Compressed air -- [n/a] not reported\n [ ] CIP chemicals -- delegated to consumables (pending)\n [ ] Infrastructure -- delegated to infrastructure (pending)\n Outputs:\n [x] Wastewater -- effectively zero; injection retained in wet product (>50% moisture content)\n [x] Solid waste -- biowaste\n [?] Co-products -- [n/a] single-output\n Direct emissions:\n [?] Refrigerant losses -- [n/a] cooling die uses water (open-loop), not refrigerant\n [?] Process emissions -- [n/a] electric heating, no combustion/fermentation", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "twin-screw extruder drive (motor + gearbox, high-shear regime 1300 rpm)", "electric barrel jacket heating (5 zones, up to 160 deg C)", "in-barrel water injection (high-moisture, ~66 percent in-barrel)", "cooling die FKD-2100 (water-cooled, sets fibrous structure)", "barrel + die cooling water (open-loop biosphere)", "warm-up + start-up overhead" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/protein_extrusion/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "saerens_2021_extrusion", "definition", "handled_by_consumables", "fang_2014_hmme_sme", "smetana_2015" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "definition", "handled_by_consumables" ], "n_valued_flows": 11, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary measurement at DIL pilot 2019-2020. Peer-reviewed J Clean Prod 2021. Cross-validation: Fang 2014 SPI HMME mechanical SME 819.70-1258.70 kJ/kg consistent with Saerens electrical 0.29 kWh/kg = ~960-990 kJ/kg mechanical at 92-95 percent motor efficiency.", "completeness": "2 -- electricity, process water, cooling water (derived), solid waste captured. Wastewater = 0 by water balance (process water injection 0.62 kg/kg useful largely retained in wet product at >50 percent moisture content, balance evaporates). NG and steam structurally absent. CIP + infrastructure delegated. [?] items resolved as [n/a]: no process chemicals, compressed air not reported, single-output, no refrigerants, no combustion.", "temporal": "2 -- 2019-2020 trials.", "geographical": "3 -- DIL Germany.", "technological": "3 -- DIL pilot at 170 kg/h total. Industrial HMME plants run kg/h class. High-shear regime 1300 rpm; cooling die water requirement is substantially higher than TVP (which only has barrel jacket cooling)." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "product_substrate": "soybean", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy37", "product": "high-moisture textured soy production, defatted-meal high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" }, { "category": "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm", "product_substrate": "pea", "stage": "protein_extrusion", "ei_code": "6041c252e31657f6b1ffee0221d82066_copy36", "product": "high-moisture textured pea protein production, isoelectric wet route + spray drying + high-moisture extrusion via FKD-2100 cooling die", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 2, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "textured_protein_oilseed_route_hm", "textured_protein_pulse_wet_route_hm" ], "n_used_by_products": 2 }, { "review_id": "R-ebf675", "entry_path": "drying/peach_pitted/lpssd_fir_iannone_2020", "generator": "drying", "substrate": "peach_pitted", "technology": "lpssd_fir_iannone_2020", "plant_name": "LPSSD-FIR dried peach line (Iannone et al. 2020)", "location": "IT", "description": "Low-pressure superheated steam drying with far-infrared radiation for semi-finished peach pieces: 80 deg C, 7 kPa, 8400 s process, boiler steam plus FIR and vacuum pump. Inventory covers only the LPSSD-FIR treatment utilities. The same paper's packaging rows are intentionally excluded; packaging is owned by lci-packaging.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "lpssd_fir_drying", "far_infrared_radiation", "vacuum_pumping", "steam_generation" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/drying/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "iannone_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- Iannone, Riemma & De Marco 2020 (Chemical Engineering Transactions 79:187-192, DOI 10.3303/CET2079032) reports a table-level process inventory (methane, electricity, water output per kg dried packaged peach) for an LPSSD-FIR line; comparative-LCA foreground with clear per-unit metering, not desk-estimated.", "completeness": "2 -- thermal (natural-gas boiler steam), electricity (FIR emitters + vacuum pump), and removed-water output are quantified per kg dried peach. CIP chemicals and infrastructure are not separately reported; the paper's packaging rows are intentionally excluded (owned by lci-packaging).", "temporal": "2 -- published 2020 with contemporary process data; low-pressure superheated-steam + far-infrared drying is a current advanced-drying technology.", "geographical": "3 -- Italian process context; the drying equipment is geographically uniform but the natural-gas + grid mix is Italy-specific (location IT).", "technological": "2 -- canonical LPSSD-FIR: low-pressure superheated steam (80 deg C, 7 kPa, 8400 s) combined with far-infrared radiation and vacuum pumping; a well-characterised advanced dried-fruit process, not a proxy." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "dried_fruit", "product_substrate": "peach_pitted", "stage": "drying", "ei_code": "peach_pitted_dried_at_plant_FR", "product": "dried pitted peach production, LPSSD-FIR treatment", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 1, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "dried_fruit" ], "n_used_by_products": 1 }, { "review_id": "R-2ca8dc", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/corn_germ/solvent_gaglio", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "corn_germ", "technology": "solvent_gaglio", "plant_name": "Italian corn germ solvent extraction (Gaglio et al. 2019, Tampieri spa)", "location": "IT", "description": "Corn germ hexane extraction at Tampieri spa (Faenza, Italy, 2015). Pre-treatment + extraction only (drying and refining excluded -- separate sub-processes in source). Wet germ input: 2.978 t per t refined oil. Extraction sub-process electricity 196.71 kWh/t oil, thermal 669.04 kWhth/t oil, hexane 3.59 kg/t oil. Converted to per-kg-wet-germ basis. Plant uses wood chip biomass for thermal energy (RES scenario).", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "germ_pre_treatment", "solvent_extraction_hexane", "desolventisation", "miscella_distillation" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "gaglio_2019", "nopa_2024" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 2, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 1, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 3, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "1 -- primary industrial data from Tampieri spa (Faenza, Italy). Foreground data from actual facility operations (2015).", "completeness": "2 -- electricity, thermal, hexane. Wastewater reported for refining only. Drying sub-process separated.", "temporal": "3 -- 2015 production data.", "geographical": "3 -- single Italian facility. Biomass-powered (wood chip CHP).", "technological": "2 -- standard hexane solvent extraction of corn germ. Pre-treatment included. Drying EXCLUDED (separate sub-process in source)." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [ { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rice_bran", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "c7ac28eab9a2433187ba5a1369f37bc2", "product": "rice bran oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 1, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "refined_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 1 }, { "review_id": "R-88d5a5", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/cottonseed/prepress_solvent_cottonseed", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "cottonseed", "technology": "prepress_solvent_cottonseed", "plant_name": "Cottonseed delinting, hulling, pre-press and solvent extraction mill", "location": "US", "description": "Cottonseed oil mill route for crude oil: cleaned seed is delinted, hulled, prepared/flaked/cooked, pressed, and the residual oil in press cake is recovered with hexane solvent extraction. Cottonseed utility metering was not found in open sources, so electricity/thermal/water/wastewater use is gap-filled from NOPA 2024 modern U.S. solvent-extraction soybean crushing plants; cottonseed-specific mass balance and allocation live in product_properties.json.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "seed_reception", "cleaning", "delinting", "hulling", "kernel_preparation", "flaking_cooking", "pressing", "solvent_extraction", "desolventisation", "miscella_distillation", "crude_oil_recovery", "meal_hull_linter_handling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "nopa_2024", "not_available", "hise_1980" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "not_available" ], "n_valued_flows": 7, "n_gap_filled_flows": 4, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- cottonseed-specific process route is documented, but utility intensities are gap-filled from a modern oilseed solvent-extraction survey because no open cottonseed mill metering table was found.", "completeness": "3 -- electricity, thermal energy, water, wastewater, hexane make-up, and hexane VOC loss are represented. Cooling water and CIP chemicals are not available separately.", "temporal": "2 -- NOPA utility data are 2023 operations; cottonseed process route and hexane-loss source are older but still describe the same unit operations.", "geographical": "3 -- U.S. utility proxy applied to RoW cottonseed mill entry because BAFU has no native RoW cottonseed oil mill.", "technological": "3 -- generic solvent oilseed crushing utilities with cottonseed-specific delinting/hulling/pre-press/solvent route and cottonseed mass balance." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.8, "used_by": [ { "category": "crude_oil", "product_substrate": "cottonseed", "stage": "oil_extraction", "ei_code": "153fe1475916acabf2ad62f3b86d8795", "product": "cottonseed crude oil production, delinting + solvent extraction", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 1, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "crude_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 1 }, { "review_id": "R-b4eba1", "entry_path": "oil_refining/corn_germ/chemical_gaglio", "generator": "oil_refining", "substrate": "corn_germ", "technology": "chemical_gaglio", "plant_name": "Corn germ oil chemical refining (Gaglio 2019, Table 1)", "location": "Europe", "description": "Corn germ oil chemical refining. From Gaglio 2019 Table 1 (refining sub-process). Full chemical sequence: phosphoric acid degumming, NaOH neutralisation (15% solution), bleaching earth adsorption, steam deodorisation. NaOH reported as 15% solution -- value is as-is (dilute basis), consistent with the source.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "acid_degumming", "neutralisation", "bleaching", "deodorisation" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_refining/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "gaglio_2019" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 5, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 2, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- peer-reviewed LCA with transparent sub-process inventory.", "completeness": "2 -- electricity, thermal, NaOH, bleaching earth, phosphoric acid all reported. Activated carbon reported but skipped. No water data.", "temporal": "2 -- 2019 publication.", "geographical": "2 -- European (Italian) production context.", "technological": "2 -- full chemical refining (acid degumming + caustic neutralisation + bleaching + deodorisation)." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.0, "used_by": [ { "category": "refined_oil", "product_substrate": "rice_bran", "stage": "oil_refining", "ei_code": "c7ac28eab9a2433187ba5a1369f37bc2", "product": "rice bran oil production, extraction + refining", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 1, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "refined_oil" ], "n_used_by_products": 1 }, { "review_id": "R-4f6278", "entry_path": "pasteurisation/apple/flash_80c", "generator": "pasteurisation", "substrate": "apple", "technology": "flash_80c", "plant_name": "Le Féon 2023 apple flash pasteurisation 80°C (Belgium, small-scale)", "location": "BE", "description": "Flash pasteurisation at 80°C + glass bottling. Small-scale organic cooperative (Belgium, 6500 L/yr). Energy from Frankowska et al. 2019 via Le Féon 2023. Electricity includes bottling line — not separable from pasteurisation. Heat is primarily pasteurisation.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "flash_pasteurisation", "bottling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/pasteurisation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "le_feon_2023" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 4, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 2, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- Le Feon 2023 plant-measured energy for a Belgian small-scale organic juice cooperative; small sample size and small-throughput line (6 500 L/yr) limit measurement precision relative to industrial lines.", "completeness": "4 -- electricity covered; thermal input and ancillary flows are derived against Frankowska 2019 + Codina-Torrella 2017 industrial-scale benchmarks rather than measured on the same line; cooling water and CIP not in scope.", "temporal": "3 -- published 2023; cooperative operating throughout the 2020s.", "geographical": "2 -- Belgium; close in equipment design and grid scope to the RER apple-juice target.", "technological": "3 -- flash pasteurisation at 80 C in glass bottles; a small-throughput variant of the broader hot-fill pasteurisation family, less representative for industrial scale." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.0, "used_by": [ { "category": "juice_concentrate", "product_substrate": "apple", "stage": "pasteurisation", "ei_code": "3622ccec8a8f4688af909862da4d4d25_copy1", "product": "apple juice concentrate production, extraction + HTST + multi-effect", "is_proxy": false, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 1, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "juice_concentrate" ], "n_used_by_products": 1 }, { "review_id": "R-d8237f", "entry_path": "preparation/durum_wheat_pasta/paolotti_2023_artisanal_pasta_plant", "generator": "preparation", "substrate": "durum_wheat_pasta", "technology": "paolotti_2023_artisanal_pasta_plant", "plant_name": "Pastificio Mancini artisanal durum wheat pasta plant, Italy (Paolotti 2023)", "location": "IT", "description": "Whole-line electricity and thermal energy for the Pastificio Mancini artisanal pasta line in the Italian Marche region. Paolotti et al. 2023 bundles the pasta-factory phase (vacuum quality-control, centrifugal destroyer, pre-mixing, main mixing, extrusion, external drying, main low-T drying at less than 55 C for 24-44 h) into a single per-annum inventory block. Annual pasta output 1472.3 t at ~0.3 t/h throughput. Small-scale artisanal counterpart to Bevilacqua 2007.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "vacuum_quality_control", "centrifugal_destroyer", "pre_mixing", "main_mixing", "extrusion", "external_drying", "main_low_temperature_drying" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/preparation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "paolotti_2023" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- peer-reviewed foreground data from one artisanal plant (Pastificio Mancini). Annual-billing electricity and gas consumption divided by annual pasta output; not per-batch measurement.", "completeness": "3 -- reports electricity, natural gas, water, PV self-generation, and cold-storage energy for the incoming semolina. No per-unit-op disaggregation.", "temporal": "2 -- 2023 publication with 2021 operational data.", "geographical": "3 -- Italian artisanal plant. EU-representative for the artisan / small_industrial tier only; industrial-scale pasta plants (Bevilacqua) look different.", "technological": "3 -- specific plant using low-temperature long-time drying (LTLT). Bronze extrusion assumed. Extraction from paper is unambiguous within this scope." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.8, "used_by": [ { "category": "dry_pasta_artisanal", "product_substrate": "durum_wheat", "stage": "preparation:whole_line", "ei_code": "fa70f5043b474086b79a2e5784556476_copy2", "product": "organic durum wheat pasta production, grinding + artisanal pasta making (cascade, copy2)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 1, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "dry_pasta_artisanal" ], "n_used_by_products": 1 }, { "review_id": "R-f8e425", "entry_path": "preparation/green_bean/ilari_2019_frozen_industrial_line", "generator": "preparation", "substrate": "green_bean", "technology": "ilari_2019_frozen_industrial_line", "plant_name": "Industrial frozen green bean production line, Italy (Ilari 2019)", "location": "IT", "description": "Whole-line electricity, natural gas, and process water for one industrial frozen green bean production line in Italy. Ilari et al. 2019 Table 4c aggregates all 62 machines and 8 elaborations (raw product handling, snipping / trimming, washing, sorting, multi-stage belt blanching at 92 C, belt-freezer, packaging) into a single input block. No per-unit-op disaggregation. Freezing is the largest single electricity consumer but is not isolated; blanching is the sole thermal step and is attributed entirely to natural gas. Substrate mass balance: 1.31 kg raw green bean per kg frozen product (76.3 percent yield).", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "raw_product_handling", "snipping_trimming", "washing", "sorting", "blanching", "freezing_belt_chiller", "packaging_line_loads" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/preparation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "ilari_2019" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- peer-reviewed foreground data from one Italian industrial line. Annual-billing style aggregation across all machines.", "completeness": "3 -- reports electricity, natural gas, process water. No per-unit-op disaggregation; blanching NG is separable but the rest is bundled.", "temporal": "2 -- 2019 publication with recent operational data.", "geographical": "3 -- Italian industrial plant.", "technological": "3 -- specific plant using multi-stage belt blancher and belt freezer at 6 t/h raw feed throughput; representative of medium-industrial EU frozen vegetable processing." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.8, "used_by": [ { "category": "frozen_french_bean", "product_substrate": "french_bean", "stage": "preparation:whole_line", "ei_code": "AGRIBALU000000003106146", "product": "french bean, frozen, industrial line (cascade, Ilari 2019)", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 1, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "frozen_french_bean" ], "n_used_by_products": 1 }, { "review_id": "R-8e689d", "entry_path": "rehydration/textured_protein/warm_hydration", "generator": "rehydration", "substrate": "textured_protein", "technology": "warm_hydration", "plant_name": "Agitated warm-water hydration tank for dry textured protein (Singh 1980 agitator-derived)", "location": "RER", "description": "Dry extruded textured protein is dosed into an agitated tank of warm water (40-60 C) and held until the granules are fully hydrated. Physically this is a soak with agitation: no chemistry, no combustion, no phase change. The dominant energy term is the sensible heat needed to bring the added water up to the hydration temperature; agitation electricity is roughly two orders of magnitude smaller in GWP terms. Water added is NOT stored here — it is substrate-specific and comes from the substrate's rehydration_mass_balance in product_properties.json.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "water_dosing", "water_heating", "dry_substrate_dosing", "medium_shear_agitation" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/rehydration/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "singh_1980", "definition" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "definition" ], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 4, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 4, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "4 — the thermal term is a first-principles sensible-heat calculation (exact given the temperature target); the electrical term assembles a Singh 1980 agitator-class power measurement onto an ASSUMED batch size and soak time, so it is an engineering estimate rather than a measurement of a hydration line", "completeness": "3 — covers agitation electricity + water sensible heat only. No CIP, no infrastructure, no tank standing losses", "temporal": "4 — Singh 1979 equipment data; agitator technology is unchanged in order of magnitude", "geographical": "3 — Singh is a US plant; tank/agitator technology is internationally standardised, grid carbon is handled by the BAFU electricity activity", "technological": "3 — generic agitated warm-water hydration: dosing pump + jacketed/inline-heated tank + low-to-medium-shear agitator. Representative of industrial TVP hydration" }, "pedigree_mean": 3.4, "used_by": [ { "category": "rehydrated_textured_protein", "product_substrate": "textured_soy_protein", "stage": "rehydration", "ei_code": "bdb3d4c833d14897b35ee33ae7277d93", "product": "rehydrated soy protein production, warm-water hydration of dry textured soy", "is_proxy": true, "via": "cascade_stage" } ], "n_used_by": 1, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [ "rehydrated_textured_protein" ], "n_used_by_products": 1 }, { "review_id": "R-9b79af", "entry_path": "coffee_processing/roasting_grinding/giraldi_diaz_2018_open_chain", "generator": "coffee_processing", "substrate": "roasting_grinding", "technology": "giraldi_diaz_2018_open_chain", "plant_name": "Open coffee roasting and grinding line (Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018)", "location": "GLO", "description": "", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/coffee_processing/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018 Table 2 green coffee:ground coffee ratio.", "Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018 Table 3 roasting energy supplied row.", "Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018 Table 3: roasting power 0.110 kWh + grinding power 0.01858 kWh.", "Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018 Table 3 roasting waste row.", "Giraldi-Diaz et al. 2018 Table 3 grinding waste row.", "not_available" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 8, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-e4a043", "entry_path": "coffee_processing/supercritical_co2_decaffeination/de_marco_2018_italian_processor", "generator": "coffee_processing", "substrate": "supercritical_co2_decaffeination", "technology": "de_marco_2018_italian_processor", "plant_name": "Italian industrial supercritical CO2 coffee decaffeination processor (De Marco et al. 2018)", "location": "IT", "description": "", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/coffee_processing/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "De Marco et al. 2018 Table 2 methane rows: (2.07E-03 + 2.79E-01) m3/kg; converted with methane LHV 35.8 MJ/m3 from TU Delft heating-values table.", "De Marco et al. 2018 Table 2 evaporation fuel oil row: 2.11E-02 kg/kg; converted with FAO Appendix IV light fuel oil gross calorific value 43.5 MJ/kg.", "De Marco et al. 2018 Table 2 electricity rows: 5.24 MJ supercritical extraction + 7.59E-05 MJ washing + 8.07E-06 MJ degassing + 1.18E-02 MJ crystallisation, divided by 3.6.", "De Marco et al. 2018 Table 2 water rows: 0.165 kg steaming + 1.12 kg washing + 1.12 kg degassing + 1.19 kg evaporation + 0.072 kg crystallisation.", "De Marco et al. 2018 Table 2 supercritical extraction carbon dioxide row: 1.24E-01 kg/kg decaf coffee.", "not_available", "De Marco et al. 2018 functional-unit statement: 1 kg decaf blend coffee corresponds to 11.4 g dry caffeine recovered." ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 7, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-ebed46", "entry_path": "concentration/lemon/multi_effect_evaporation", "generator": "concentration", "substrate": "lemon", "technology": "multi_effect_evaporation", "plant_name": "Beccali 2009 Fig 2 lemon multi-effect evaporation", "location": "IT", "description": "Multi-effect vacuum evaporation (Beccali 2009). Same equipment as orange line.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "concentration", "cooling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/concentration/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "beccali_2009" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 1, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- same Beccali 2009 plant data as the orange concentration entry; lemon line measured on the same multi-effect evaporator with substrate-specific thermal demand per kg.", "completeness": "3 -- thermal + electricity + cooling water reported per kg lemon concentrate; CIP and vent loss not separately quantified.", "temporal": "3 -- published 2009, fieldwork ~2007-2008; multi-effect evaporator design stable since.", "geographical": "1 -- Sicily, Italy; primary target for lemon / RER concentration pool.", "technological": "2 -- same 2-3 effect vacuum evaporator as the orange line; canonical industrial citrus concentration route." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-968bdb", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/san_miguel_ruiz_2021_spanish_fabada_cannery", "generator": "consumables", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "san_miguel_ruiz_2021_spanish_fabada_cannery", "plant_name": "Spanish fabada cannery whole-plant cleaning overhead (San Miguel & Ruiz 2021)", "location": "", "description": "San Miguel & Ruiz (2021) Section 2.2.3.1 reports factory-wide detergent consumption for the Hijos de Carlos Albo S.L.U. plant in Tapia de Casariego, Asturias: 15 kg/day of a detergent containing 20% anionic surfactant + 10% non-ionic surfactant. Allocated to fabada at 70.5% (economic, paper Section 2.1.2.4) and divided by 4,800 kg fabada/day output: 0.00220 kg detergent/kg fabada (whole-plant CORE phase across cooking + canning + sterilisation + cleaning). The detergent is routed via detergent_kg --> BAFU 209660 (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, RER) as the closest single-flow proxy: LAS is the canonical anionic surfactant and matches the paper's 20% anionic specification; the 10% non-ionic fraction is bundled into the same flow because no separate non-ionic BAFU node is configured today. foodex2:A03VY 'Meat stew' verified against the FoodEx2 hierarchy as the right level (covers fabada and other meat stews; narrower than the parent A03TX 'Meat preparation, dish-elements').", "verification_status": "VERIFIED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/consumables/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "san_miguel_ruiz_2021" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 1, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 2, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "1 -- San Miguel & Ruiz (2021) report the cleaning-detergent consumption as a single-factory primary measurement (15 kg/day across the factory's CORE phase). Open-access CC BY paper; raw plant data supplied by the manufacturer.", "completeness": "3 -- detergent total reported with composition split (20% anionic surfactant + 10% non-ionic surfactant); no separate per-stage breakdown; no chelator / disinfectant / lubricant figures separately tabulated.", "temporal": "2 -- paper published 2021, factory data scenario for 2018.", "geographical": "2 -- Spanish factory; representative for southern European canned-meat processing.", "technological": "2 -- traditional canned fabada line: industrial pot cooking + can filling + retort sterilisation (115 C / 90 min) + cleaning; canonical small-industrial European canned-meat plant." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.0, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-0af09a", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/tsai_2021_egg_yolk_powder_cip", "generator": "consumables", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "tsai_2021_egg_yolk_powder_cip", "plant_name": "US egg yolk powder spray drying plant CIP overhead (Tsai 2021)", "location": "", "description": "Tsai 2021 Table 1 'CIP2 Continuous flow' column per 1 kg egg yolk powder. CIP2 = spray dryer cleaning, three-step rotary-spray-head cycle (1.5-min pre-rinse, NaOH(aq) cleaning step, 1.5-min final rinse). Single_unit_operation -- covers only the drying (spray dryer cleaning) stage; CIP1 (pasteuriser cleaning), drying process energy (2.31 kWh natural gas + 3.84e-04 kWh electricity), and BSP upstream are explicitly out of scope. Continuous-flow CIP2 is selected as the conventional industry baseline; Tsai's pulsed-flow optimisation (Yang et al. 2019b method) reduces all CIP2 flows by ~50%-57% (Table 1 pulsed column) but is an optimisation, not the installed baseline at the Indiana plant. All six in-scope CIP2 flows are emitted: NaOH (caustic cleaner), HNO3 (wastewater pH neutralisation), FeCl3 (wastewater coagulant), anionic polymer (wastewater flocculant), incinerated coagulation waste, and CIP rinse water. Proxy substitutions documented in each flow's _basis.", "verification_status": "AI-VERIFIED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/consumables/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "tsai_2021" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 1 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- peer-reviewed journal LCA in J. Cleaner Production (2021); inventory data table tabulated from a typical Indiana powder plant using literature + industrial sources (ecoinvent v3.0, Pelletier 2013 for shell egg, Yang 2019b pilot-scale CIP experiments, Helbig 2019 for caustic cleaning time). Not a single-plant primary measurement but a sourced industry-scale model anchored on published experiments.", "completeness": "2 -- Table 1 fully itemises the in-scope CIP2 flows and ALL SIX route to BAFU technosphere: NaOH (483088), HNO3 (276300), FeCl3 (527659), anionic polymer (506904, polyacrylonitrile proxy), incinerated coagulation cake (139006, municipal sewage-sludge incineration proxy), and CIP water (227940). No documented-gap placeholders remain. Remaining incompleteness reflects boundary scope (out-of-scope: CIP energy, rinse-water heating, membrane replacement), not dropped flows.", "temporal": "2 -- paper accepted 2020, published 2021; data anchored on Yang 2019b pilot-scale CIP studies + Pelletier 2013 egg LCI + Helbig 2019 caustic cleaning experiments. Indiana plant is described as a 'typical' powder manufacturing line, not dated to a specific operating year.", "geographical": "3 -- Indiana, US plant; broadly representative of North American egg-yolk-powder manufacturing. Less representative of European or Asian plants which differ in feedstock egg systems + electricity mix. Used as the substrate-aligned proxy for spray_tower_food egg-yolk-powder cascades globally pending region-specific sources.", "technological": "1 -- spray_tower_food technology, three-step rotary-spray-head CIP (pre-rinse + NaOH cleaning + final rinse), continuous-flow mode at 5-m industrial spray dryer scale. Conventional installed baseline matching the canonical North American egg-yolk-powder line." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.0, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-37be3d", "entry_path": "consumables/plants/zhang_2021_chinese_milk_powder_spray_dryer", "generator": "consumables", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "zhang_2021_chinese_milk_powder_spray_dryer", "plant_name": "Chinese milk powder spray drying plant CIP overhead (Zhang 2021)", "location": "", "description": "Zhang 2021 Table 1 'Maintenance' phase reports CIP chemicals per kg milk powder product. Values are cited from Yan and Holden 2018 (Irish dairy reference). Single_unit_operation -- covers only the drying (spray dryer cleaning) stage; the MPSD system's pre-treatment milk concentration is explicitly out of scope per the paper. Values stored under flows_per_kg_substrate (the generator's standard key) using per-kg-powder as the reference -- exact for a single-stage drying cascade where the stage product IS the powder being measured.", "verification_status": "AI-VERIFIED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/consumables/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "zhang_2021" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "zhang_2021" ], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-8a63c8", "entry_path": "drying/apple/hot_air_belt_fruit_goncalves", "generator": "drying", "substrate": "apple", "technology": "hot_air_belt_fruit_goncalves", "plant_name": "Portuguese hot-air tunnel dryer for apple snacks (Goncalves & Neto 2023)", "location": "PRT", "description": "Continuous hot-air tunnel dryer at a Portuguese apple-snack producer (Goncalves & Neto 2023, Section 2.3). Apple slices are dehydrated for 6 to 8 hours at 80 deg C with continuous LPG-fueled hot-air circulation. Output snacks have moisture content less than 2 percent. Process feeds into manual sorting and PE-bag packaging. Functional unit at the cascade adapter is 1 kg dried product; this pool stores the equipment rate per kg water removed.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "hot_air_drying", "tunnel_air_heating" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/drying/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "goncalves_2023" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 1, "geographical": 2, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- Goncalves & Neto 2023 (Cleaner Environmental Systems 11:100141) reports plant-measured thermal and electrical loads at a Portuguese apple-snack producer; primary industrial data, not desk-derived.", "completeness": "3 -- continuous-tunnel thermal + electrical loads are quantified; downstream manual sorting and PE-bag packaging are excluded from the pool-entry scope.", "temporal": "1 -- published 2023, fieldwork ~2021-2022; current-generation hot-air tunnel dryer.", "geographical": "2 -- single Portuguese apple-snack producer; representative for European hot-air tunnel installations.", "technological": "2 -- continuous LPG-fired hot-air tunnel at 80 C, 6-8 h residence to <2 percent moisture; canonical industrial belt-dryer configuration." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.0, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-b31435", "entry_path": "drying/wet_protein_isolate/two_stage_spray_internal_fluid_bed_schuck", "generator": "drying", "substrate": "wet_protein_isolate", "technology": "two_stage_spray_internal_fluid_bed_schuck", "plant_name": "Two-stage spray dryer with internal fluid bed (Schuck et al. 2015, INRA Rennes reference)", "location": "FRA", "description": "Two-stage spray dryer with internal fluid bed, the canonical industrial configuration for dairy and plant-protein powder production (Schuck et al. 2015, INRA Rennes reference plant). Stored per kg water removed (DRYING_GENERATOR_PLAN S4.3 convention): substrate-side feed_moisture and moisture_dried in product_properties.json determine water_removed per kg dried product; this pool entry stores the equipment thermal + electrical rate per kg water removed AT THE SPRAY DRYER. System boundary covers atomiser, main air heater, internal fluid bed, air recirculation -- nothing upstream of the spray dryer inlet (concentrate from vacuum evaporation is the input) and nothing downstream of the powder outlet. Mass balance closure: wet_input_kg = (1 - moisture_dried) / (1 - feed_moisture); water_removed_kg = wet_input_kg - 1.0 (DRYING_GENERATOR_PLAN S4.3, single-output mass balance, no co-products).", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "spray_drying" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/drying/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "schuck_2015", "de_marco_2015_3" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- Schuck et al. 2015 (Drying Technology 33(2):176-184) INRA Rennes reference plant; calculation via the SD2P method with 1-5 percent error between predicted and measured. Industry-standard reference for dairy / feed-powder drying energy.", "completeness": "2 -- thermal SECd directly reported per kg water removed for ten feed materials including soy protein concentrate, hydrolyzed wheat gluten, and four whey variants. Electricity is bundled into a whole-process column rather than separately attributed to the drying stage; cross-substrate proxy from De Marco 2015 used for the electrical field with a wide uncertainty range until a primary protein-isolate measurement lands.", "temporal": "2 -- published 2015, calculations representative of mid-2010s industrial two-stage spray dryers with internal fluid bed; the configuration remains canonical in 2026.", "geographical": "3 -- French INRA Rennes reference plant; representative for European industrial spray-drying lines for both dairy and plant-protein-isolate powders.", "technological": "2 -- explicitly the two-stage spray dryer + internal fluid bed configuration that is the industrial standard for protein-isolate spray drying. Equipment-stability across feed materials is empirically demonstrated in the source data (whey, milk, WPC35, soy protein concentrate, hydrolyzed wheat gluten all converge on 5,256 kJ/kg water)." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-40ac10", "entry_path": "grain_milling/rice/rice_milling_parboiled_goyal", "generator": "grain_milling", "substrate": "rice", "technology": "rice_milling_parboiled_goyal", "plant_name": "Modern parboiled rice mill (Goyal et al. 2012, via Kapur et al. 1994 Table 1)", "location": "IN", "description": "Modern parboiled rice mill electricity benchmark from Goyal et al. 2012. Same modern-mill equipment as the raw entry (rubber-roll sheller + abrasive polisher) but on parboiled paddy, which is harder and consumes ~14 percent more mechanical energy. Scope is the milling section only -- the parboiling unit operation (soaking, steaming, drying) is separately owned by the BAFU background. DQ pedigree identical to the raw entry. Stored on per-kg-paddy basis.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "pre_cleaning", "dehusking", "paddy_separation", "whitening", "polishing", "grading" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/grain_milling/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "goyal_2012_rice-milling" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 4, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- same Goyal et al. 2012 peer-reviewed source as the raw entry; parboiled milling-energy increment is reported in the same Kapur et al. 1994 Table 1 line.", "completeness": "3 -- mechanical energy across the parboiled milling section is quantified; the parboiling unit operation itself (soaking, steaming, drying) is owned separately by the BAFU background.", "temporal": "4 -- Kapur et al. 1994 underlying data ~30 years old, same constraint as the raw entry.", "geographical": "3 -- Indian commercial rice mills, same as the raw entry.", "technological": "3 -- same rubber-roll sheller + abrasive polisher equipment as the raw entry, applied to parboiled paddy." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.2, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-3411ca", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/cacace_2020_orange_juice_pasteuriser_hpp", "generator": "infrastructure", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "cacace_2020_orange_juice_pasteuriser_hpp", "plant_name": "Cacace 2020 orange juice pasteuriser, HPP variant (Avure QuintusFoodPress QFP350L vessel only, Parma, Italy)", "location": "", "description": "Industrial high-pressure pasteuriser of orange juice. 600 MPa HPP vessel (46,000 kg), 350 L, ~270 kg/cycle. Source MD: data/verification/sources/cacace_2020.md Table 2. Per-kg machinery breakdown = HPP vessel mass / (lifetime * annual throughput) = 46,000 kg / (20 yr * 2,700,000 kg/yr) = 0.000852 kg/kg, plus steel for cooling system 0.000184 kg/kg = 0.001036 kg/kg orange juice. The value captures the named pasteurisation equipment ONLY -- NOT the upstream peeler/juicer line, NOT the filling line, NOT the building, NOT roads or surrounding plant infrastructure. Cacace's stated FU is gate-to-gate 'finished pasteurised juice, bottled and ready for distribution', and the system description treats already-packaged juice as the HPP inlet. Use as a pasteurisation-stage proxy; do NOT interpret as a whole-plant inventory.", "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/infrastructure/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "cacace_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-e8da9c", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/cacace_2020_orange_juice_pasteuriser_tp_retort", "generator": "infrastructure", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "cacace_2020_orange_juice_pasteuriser_tp_retort", "plant_name": "Cacace 2020 orange juice pasteuriser, TP-retort batch autoclave variant (autoclave equipment only, Italy / Pardo & Zufia 2012)", "location": "", "description": "Industrial batch retort / autoclave pasteuriser, 90C/40min. Steam 3x indirect, no heat recovery. Processes already-packaged product. Source MD: data/verification/sources/cacace_2020.md Table 4 (adapted by Cacace from Pardo & Zufia 2012). Steel for food industry machinery 0.000116 kg/kg orange juice. Annual throughput 2,640,000 kg/yr, 20 yr lifetime. The value captures the named pasteurisation equipment (batch autoclave) ONLY. NOT the upstream juicing or filling line. NOT the building. NOT roads or surrounding plant infrastructure. Proxy for any batch-sterilisation cascade at industrial scale; do NOT interpret as a whole-plant inventory.", "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/infrastructure/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "cacace_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-8c2146", "entry_path": "infrastructure/plants/guyomarch_2025_pulse_dry_fractionation_pilot", "generator": "infrastructure", "substrate": "plants", "technology": "guyomarch_2025_pulse_dry_fractionation_pilot", "plant_name": "Guyomarch 2025 IMPROVE SAS faba/pea dry fractionation pilot (France)", "location": "", "description": "Pulse (faba C9863 / pea C9861) dry fractionation pilot (air classification of milled flour). Per-operation machinery from source transcript. Same Guyomarch 2025 inventory but tagged at the dry_fractionation_protein tech node so dry-fractionation queries pick it without traversing to isoelectric.", "verification_status": "SOURCE_ANCHORED", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/infrastructure/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "guyomarch_2025" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-b7f99d", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/apple/hpx_press_leaching", "generator": "juice_extraction", "substrate": "apple", "technology": "hpx_press_leaching", "plant_name": "Zimmer 2017 HPX with enzyme + leaching (Bucher Unipektin)", "location": "DE", "description": "HPX press, AJC route with enzyme treatment. Mash heated to 25-30°C (0.8 kWh/t electricity + 26 kg steam/t). Zimmer 2017 Table 1 heated-mash rows.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "flume_washing", "conveying", "milling", "enzyme_treatment", "mash_handling", "pressing" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/juice_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "zimmer_2017", "khanali_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 2, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- manufacturer operational data (Bucher Unipektin) per-step breakdown.", "completeness": "3 -- electricity + steam (mash heating). No water/wastewater. CIP excluded.", "temporal": "3 -- 2017 publication.", "geographical": "2 -- German plant; equipment internationally standardised.", "technological": "3 -- HPX + enzyme is one of several AJC routes (leaching variant)." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.6, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-252195", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/cranberry/hot_press_total_plant", "generator": "juice_extraction", "substrate": "cranberry", "technology": "hot_press_total_plant", "plant_name": "Cranberry pressing plant (Faucher 2020, Quebec)", "location": "CA", "description": "", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "washing", "extraction", "pasteurisation" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/juice_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "faucher_2020", "derived" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "derived" ], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 1, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-fc9727", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/generic_fruit/nfc_plant", "generator": "juice_extraction", "substrate": "generic_fruit", "technology": "nfc_plant", "plant_name": "Generic EU juice plant (SENSE D2.1)", "location": "Europe", "description": "", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "washing", "extraction", "pasteurisation", "chilling", "cip" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/juice_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "sense_d2_1", "sense_d2_1_2013" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "sense_d2_1" ], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 1, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-05acbd", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/lemon/cold_press_total_plant", "generator": "juice_extraction", "substrate": "lemon", "technology": "cold_press_total_plant", "plant_name": "Italian lemon cold-press plant, total (Beccali 2009)", "location": "IT", "description": "", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "washing", "extraction", "eo_refining", "pasteurisation", "concentration" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/juice_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "beccali_2009" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-0b30f0", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/orange/nfc_plant", "generator": "juice_extraction", "substrate": "orange", "technology": "nfc_plant", "plant_name": "Orange NFC plant (SENSE D2.1, Zuvamesa Spain)", "location": "ES", "description": "", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "washing", "extraction", "pasteurisation", "chilling", "cip" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/juice_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "sense_d2_1", "sense_d2_1_2013" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "sense_d2_1" ], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-daeb19", "entry_path": "juice_extraction/orange/nfc_plant_florida", "generator": "juice_extraction", "substrate": "orange", "technology": "nfc_plant_florida", "plant_name": "Florida NFC orange plant (Dwivedi 2012)", "location": "US", "description": "", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "washing", "grading", "extraction", "finishing", "centrifuge", "pasteurisation", "cooling", "storage", "allocated_steam_captive_power" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/juice_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "dwivedi_2012" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-d2cd5e", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/palm_ffb/ffb_press_bantacut", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "palm_ffb", "technology": "ffb_press_bantacut", "plant_name": "West Aceh palm oil mill 60 t/hr (Bantacut 2025)", "location": "ID", "description": "VALIDATION ONLY -- not selectable. Multiple data quality issues flagged (electricity conflicts between text and figures, CST MJ misprint, abstract vs table disagreements). OER 29.3% is high vs typical 20-22%. Station-level energy breakdown useful for cross-checking but values should not be used as pool parameters without resolution of UNCERTAIN flags.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 0, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": false, "pedigree": null, "pedigree_rationale": null, "pedigree_mean": null, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-3d3d4c", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/palm_ffb/ffb_press_subramaniam", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "palm_ffb", "technology": "ffb_press_subramaniam", "plant_name": "Malaysian palm oil mill average, 12 mills (Subramaniam et al. 2010)", "location": "MY", "description": "Selectable palm fresh-fruit-bunch oil-mill dataset. Utility and emission rows are from Subramaniam et al. 2010 Journal of Oil Palm Research Part 3, Table 1, for 1 t crude palm oil at the mill boundary. Values are normalised per kg FFB using the existing Nilsson 2010 physical yield in product_properties.json (4545 kg FFB per 1000 kg CPO, 22 percent crude-oil yield) so the cascade adapter applies the documented palm economic allocation factor (0.85 to crude palm oil) exactly once. Biomass turbine electricity and fibre/shell boiler fuel are internal residue-energy flows and are documented but not mapped to fossil technosphere.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "ffb_reception", "sterilisation", "threshing", "digestion", "screw_pressing", "clarification", "oil_purification", "vacuum_drying", "kernel_shell_separation", "biomass_residue_boiler", "pome_pond_treatment" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "subramaniam_2010", "subramaniam_2010_ipcc_2006", "subramaniam_2010_stichnothe_2011" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "subramaniam_2010_ipcc_2006", "subramaniam_2010_stichnothe_2011" ], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 2, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary palm-oil-mill data from 12 Malaysian mills, collected by questionnaires, on-site measurements, visits, interviews, and miller validation.", "completeness": "3 -- grid electricity, diesel, boiler water, process water, POME, and direct POME methane represented. Biomass turbine electricity and residue boiler fuels are documented as internal residue energy. Stack PM/CO/SOx/NOx, boiler ash, and diesel transport are not mapped in the current BAFU processing catalog.", "temporal": "3 -- paper published 2010; underlying mill data represent contemporary Malaysian palm oil mills around 2010.", "geographical": "2 -- Malaysian average used for Malaysia/Indonesia palm supply because the broader product_properties palm basis is Malaysia/Indonesia.", "technological": "2 -- standard FFB reception, sterilisation, threshing, digestion, screw pressing, clarification, purification, vacuum drying, and POME pond treatment." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-d2c8b1", "entry_path": "oil_extraction/soybean/solvent_nopa", "generator": "oil_extraction", "substrate": "soybean", "technology": "solvent_nopa", "plant_name": "US soybean crushing industry average (NOPA 2024, 52 plants)", "location": "US", "description": "Throughput-weighted average of 52 US soybean solvent extraction plants (NOPA survey, calendar year 2023). 89% of US crush capacity. Thermal includes natural gas (94%), coal (5.5%), landfill gas (0.6%). Cogeneration plants included but parasitic loads not separable. Hexane was explicitly excluded from the survey.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "seed_preparation", "solvent_extraction", "desolventisation", "meal_processing", "crude_oil_degumming" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_extraction/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "nopa_2024", "demarco_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 2, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 1, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 1, "geographical": 3, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "1 -- industry-wide survey of 52 plants (89% of US crush capacity, 2023 data). Throughput-weighted averages.", "completeness": "2 -- electricity, thermal (NG+coal+other), water, wastewater. Hexane excluded from survey.", "temporal": "1 -- calendar year 2023 production data.", "geographical": "3 -- US-specific (21 states, predominantly Midwest). Not directly transferable to EU/SA.", "technological": "2 -- representative of modern US solvent extraction. Cogeneration plants in sample may understate total electricity." }, "pedigree_mean": 1.8, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-95e7db", "entry_path": "oil_refining/palm/physical_nilsson", "generator": "oil_refining", "substrate": "palm", "technology": "physical_nilsson", "plant_name": "Palm oil physical refining (Nilsson 2010)", "location": "GLO", "description": "Palm oil physical refining. From Nilsson 2010. Physical refining is standard for palm oil due to high free fatty acid content (3-5% FFA). Higher bleaching earth consumption than temperate oils due to carotene removal. Refining yield lower than temperate oils (~93.9%) due to higher FFA and phospholipid losses.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "degumming", "bleaching", "deodorisation_steam_stripping" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/oil_refining/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "nilsson_2010" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- peer-reviewed LCI study.", "completeness": "3 -- electricity, steam, bleaching earth. No phosphoric acid separately reported. No water.", "temporal": "2 -- 2010 publication.", "geographical": "3 -- global average, not region-specific (palm refining mostly SE Asia).", "technological": "2 -- physical refining. Standard for palm oil (high FFA content makes chemical refining uneconomical due to large soapstock losses)." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-5c9e03", "entry_path": "pasteurisation/fish_canning/retort", "generator": "pasteurisation", "substrate": "fish_canning", "technology": "retort", "plant_name": "European industry-survey average for fish-canning retort sterilisation (COWI/UNEP 2000)", "location": "EU", "description": "Industrial fish-canning batch retort sterilisation. European industry-survey averages from COWI/UNEP (2000) \"Cleaner Production Assessment in Fish Processing\", §3.3.5 (mislabelled §3.2.5 in chapter body). Table 3-26 reports per-tonne-washed-cans: steam 290 kg (≈ 230 kW.h thermal), process water 3-7 m³ (midpoint 5). §3.3.5 text confirms 'typically the energy consumption is 200-240 kW.h per tonne of canned product'. Electricity NOT reported for the retort step itself (COWI breaks out electricity only for the pre-retort packaging-line operations of §3.3.4 sauce filling, sealing and washing -- those belong to lci-packaging). Reference cannery throughput from §3.3.4 Case Study 3-7: 35-40 t fish/h ≈ 70-80 kt/yr. Authoritative cannery scope is European; Danish-led authorship + Danish EPA + Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs co-publisher.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "sterilisation" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/pasteurisation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "cowi_unep_2000" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "cowi_unep_2000" ], "n_valued_flows": 5, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 4, "geographical": 2, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- COWI/UNEP (2000) Cleaner Production Assessment in Fish Processing: industry-survey averages from European fish canneries, published as a UNEP DTIE guidance document. UNEP Digital Library record 441680; open-access chapter PDFs at p2infohouse.org.", "completeness": "3 -- thermal (steam) + process water + wastewater + solid waste (damaged cans) all reported per tonne washed cans in Table 3-26. Electricity NOT reported for the retort step (covered by pre-retort packaging-line tables that belong to a different pool); CIP chemicals, refrigerated finished-goods storage, can-material upstream and end-of-life not reported.", "temporal": "4 -- 2000 publication; retort autoclave equipment design has been stable over the period, but plant-level operating efficiencies have moved since.", "geographical": "2 -- European industrial fish canneries (Danish-led COWI consultancy with UNEP DTIE + Danish EPA + Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs co-publisher); representative for European canned-fish processing.", "technological": "2 -- batch retort autoclave applied to already-packaged canned fish; canonical industrial sterilisation route for canned fish (mackerel, sardine, tuna, etc.)." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.6, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-e40005", "entry_path": "pasteurisation/orange_cacace/hpp", "generator": "pasteurisation", "substrate": "orange_cacace", "technology": "hpp", "plant_name": "Cacace 2020 HPP non-thermal (Italy, industrial)", "location": "IT", "description": "", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "hpp_treatment" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/pasteurisation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "cacace_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 1, "technological": 1 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- Cacace 2020 reports primary plant data for a non-thermal high-pressure-processing line at industrial scale.", "completeness": "2 -- electricity (the only significant utility for HPP) reported with full per-kg coverage; thermal input is zero by process design; CIP not separately quantified.", "temporal": "3 -- published 2020, fieldwork ~2018-2019; HPP equipment design stable since.", "geographical": "1 -- Italy, industrial OJ plant; primary target for orange / RER pool.", "technological": "1 -- non-thermal HPP at the intended scale; canonical reference for the HPP / cold-chain juice route." }, "pedigree_mean": 1.8, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-33308c", "entry_path": "pasteurisation/orange_cacace/htst_indirect", "generator": "pasteurisation", "substrate": "orange_cacace", "technology": "htst_indirect", "plant_name": "Cacace 2020 TP-indirect plate HEX (Italy, industrial)", "location": "IT", "description": "Continuous HTST at 95°C/15s with indirect plate HEX, energy recovery, and hygienic hot filling at ~80°C. Primary data from TP manufacturer (Easy Term Adue / Prismatech class). Broader boundary than Beccali (includes filling).", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "pasteurisation", "hot_filling", "cooling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/pasteurisation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "cacace_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 1, "technological": 2 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- Cacace 2020 reports primary plant data for a continuous HTST line at 95 C / 15 s with indirect plate HEX, energy recovery, and hygienic hot filling at ~80 C.", "completeness": "3 -- thermal + electricity + chiller load reported per kg orange juice; CIP chemicals not separately quantified.", "temporal": "3 -- published 2020, fieldwork ~2018-2019; HTST equipment design stable since.", "geographical": "1 -- Italy, industrial OJ plant; primary target for orange / RER pool.", "technological": "2 -- continuous HTST at 95 C / 15 s on indirect plate HEX with WHR; canonical industrial OJ pasteurisation route." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-926494", "entry_path": "pasteurisation/orange_cacace/retort", "generator": "pasteurisation", "substrate": "orange_cacace", "technology": "retort", "plant_name": "Cacace 2020 TP-retort batch autoclave (Italy/Pardo & Zufia)", "location": "IT", "description": "Batch retort/autoclave. No heat recovery. Steam 3× indirect. Adapted from Pardo & Zufia 2012.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "pasteurisation", "cooling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/pasteurisation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "cacace_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 4, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 1, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- Cacace 2020 with Pardo & Zufia 2012 adaptation: retort/autoclave energy adapted from the Pardo & Zufia primary measurement, not measured on Cacace's own line; secondary in the Cacace inventory.", "completeness": "3 -- thermal (3x indirect steam) reported per kg; no WHR; CIP and ancillaries not separately quantified.", "temporal": "3 -- Pardo & Zufia 2012 underlying measurement; Cacace 2020 republishes adapted for citrus; equipment design stable since.", "geographical": "1 -- Italian / Iberian retort autoclave operation; primary target for orange / RER pool.", "technological": "3 -- batch retort/autoclave with no heat recovery; a less efficient pasteurisation route than continuous HTST, included for cross-process comparison." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.6, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-018447", "entry_path": "pasteurisation/orange_landi/htst_90c_whr35", "generator": "pasteurisation", "substrate": "orange_landi", "technology": "htst_90c_whr35", "plant_name": "Landi 2025 HTST 90°C (Italy, 3000 L/h, WHR 35%)", "location": "IT", "description": "HTST plate HEX, 90°C/15s, 35% waste heat recovery. Gate-to-gate pasteurisation-only. 3,000 L/h OJ plant, Italy. SimaPro 9.0, ecoinvent 3.5. Bottling/packaging excluded. min/max bounds reflect WHR range 0-65%.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "pasteurisation", "cooling" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/pasteurisation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "landi_2025" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 5, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 1, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- Landi 2025 reports primary plant data for an Italian 3 000 L/h OJ pasteurisation line at 90 C / 15 s with 35% waste-heat recovery; gate-to-gate scope.", "completeness": "3 -- thermal + electricity + cooling water quantified per kg orange juice; CIP not separately reported.", "temporal": "2 -- published 2025, fieldwork ~2023-2024; among the most recent primary measurements in the corpus.", "geographical": "1 -- Italy, industrial OJ plant; primary target for orange / RER pool.", "technological": "3 -- HTST on plate HEX with WHR is canonical, but the 35% WHR fraction is plant-specific and not necessarily representative of the RER average." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.2, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-1dabe4", "entry_path": "preparation/tomato/karakaya_2011_jiadi_jd_fx_40_washer", "generator": "preparation", "substrate": "tomato", "technology": "karakaya_2011_jiadi_jd_fx_40_washer", "plant_name": "Jiadi JD-fx-40 industrial vegetable washer (Karakaya 2011)", "location": "TR", "description": "Continuous rotary / belt vegetable washer from a Turkish tomato canning line. Karakaya 2011 Table 5 nameplate SEC per tonne of fresh tomatoes. Model Jiadi JD-fx-40 (Chinese equipment), capacity 40 t/h. Water inputs are separately supplied (not measured by the source).", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "washing" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/preparation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "karakaya_2011" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 5, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 4, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- peer-reviewed engineering-nameplate values (Karakaya & Ozilgen 2011). Equipment model and capacity documented.", "completeness": "5 -- electricity only; the paper does not report water or wastewater for the washer step (large process water gap for a washing operation). Whole_line entries via Rasines or BREF cover water when queried through the fallback path.", "temporal": "3 -- 2011 data; washing equipment is mature and static.", "geographical": "4 -- single Turkish plant, Chinese equipment.", "technological": "3 -- nameplate SEC at rated capacity; real plants run below rated capacity." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.6, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-48c589", "entry_path": "preparation/tomato/karakaya_2011_jiadi_jd_jg_40_mechanical_sorter", "generator": "preparation", "substrate": "tomato", "technology": "karakaya_2011_jiadi_jd_jg_40_mechanical_sorter", "plant_name": "Jiadi JD-JG-40 mechanical rail sorter (Karakaya 2011)", "location": "TR", "description": "Rolling rail-type mechanical sorter for tomato size/quality classification. Karakaya 2011 Table 5 nameplate SEC per tonne of fresh tomatoes. Model Jiadi JD-JG-40 (Chinese equipment), capacity 40 t/h. Distinct from optical sorters (higher SEC, not covered by this source).", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "sorting" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/preparation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "karakaya_2011" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 4, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 4, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- peer-reviewed engineering-nameplate values.", "completeness": "4 -- electricity only. No water, wastewater. Sorter reject-stream disposition tracked in product_properties.json per plan Anchor E, not here.", "temporal": "3 -- 2011 data on 2010-vintage equipment; mechanical sorting is mature.", "geographical": "4 -- single Turkish plant, Chinese equipment.", "technological": "3 -- nameplate at rated capacity. Optical sorters at same throughput are typically 5-20x higher SEC; this entry is not a substitute for optical sorting when queried." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.4, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-6eeafe", "entry_path": "preparation/tomato/karakaya_2011_jiadi_jd_ts_20_conveyor", "generator": "preparation", "substrate": "tomato", "technology": "karakaya_2011_jiadi_jd_ts_20_conveyor", "plant_name": "Jiadi JD-TS-20 industrial belt conveyor (Karakaya 2011)", "location": "TR", "description": "Belt conveyor from a Turkish tomato paste / whole-peeled / diced canning line. Karakaya 2011 Table 5 reports nameplate SEC per tonne of fresh tomatoes processed. Model Jiadi JD-TS-20 (Chinese equipment), capacity 20 t/h. Serves as inbound-side conveying between wash and downstream ops.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "conveying" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/preparation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "karakaya_2011" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 4, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 4, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- peer-reviewed engineering-nameplate values (Karakaya & Ozilgen 2011). Equipment model and capacity documented; SEC derived from nameplate power ratings, not field measurement.", "completeness": "4 -- electricity only. No water, wastewater, lubricants, or CIP flows measured. Conveyor water/CIP is typically negligible; lubricant fraction routes to consumables support generator.", "temporal": "3 -- 2011 data on 2010-vintage Chinese equipment. Belt-conveyor technology is mature and static; current models within ~10% of these nameplate values.", "geographical": "4 -- single Turkish plant with Chinese equipment. Technology internationally standardised; grid carbon handled by BAFU electricity activity.", "technological": "3 -- nameplate SEC at rated capacity is a lower-bound estimate for real production (real plants run below rated capacity with idle overhead). Whole_line cross-checks (Rasines 2023, BREF FDM 2019) close the nameplate-vs-real-plant gap on the pool as a whole." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.4, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-5468a1", "entry_path": "preparation/tomato/karakaya_2011_langfang_huake_manual_rail_sorter", "generator": "preparation", "substrate": "tomato", "technology": "karakaya_2011_langfang_huake_manual_rail_sorter", "plant_name": "Langfang Huake manual rail sorter (Karakaya 2011)", "location": "TR", "description": "Manual rolling rail-type sorter for post-peeler quality inspection of tomatoes. Karakaya 2011 Table 5 nameplate SEC per tonne of fresh tomatoes. Model from Langfang Huake Light Industry Machinery (Chinese equipment), capacity 5 t/h. Lower throughput vs the JD-JG-40 mechanical sorter; per-kg SEC is correspondingly higher.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "sorting" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/preparation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "karakaya_2011" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 4, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 4, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- peer-reviewed engineering-nameplate values.", "completeness": "4 -- electricity only.", "temporal": "3 -- 2011 data.", "geographical": "4 -- single Turkish plant, Chinese equipment.", "technological": "3 -- nameplate at rated capacity. Manual-labour input is out of scope (no labour flow in food-processing subprocess pools)." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.4, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-4549c1", "entry_path": "preparation/tomato/karakaya_2011_shandong_meiying_industrial_dicer", "generator": "preparation", "substrate": "tomato", "technology": "karakaya_2011_shandong_meiying_industrial_dicer", "plant_name": "Shandong Meiying HTQX1000 industrial dicer (Karakaya 2011)", "location": "TR", "description": "Industrial tomato dicer producing 6-10 mm cube geometry for canning. Karakaya 2011 Table 5 + §3.3 (p. 5107) nameplate SEC per tonne of fresh tomatoes. Model Shandong Meiying Food Machinery HTQX1000 (Chinese equipment), capacity 1 t/h. Rated power ~ 0.75 kW at 1 t/h throughput.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "dicing" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/preparation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "karakaya_2011" ], "undeclared_sources": [], "n_valued_flows": 1, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 4, "temporal": 3, "geographical": 4, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- peer-reviewed engineering-nameplate value cross-cited in both Table 5 and §3.3 prose.", "completeness": "4 -- electricity only. No water or off-cut mass fraction reported; off-cut fraction lives in product_properties.json (plan Anchor E).", "temporal": "3 -- 2011 data.", "geographical": "4 -- single Turkish plant, Chinese equipment.", "technological": "3 -- nameplate at 1 t/h; industrial dicers at higher throughput (5-20 t/h) typically show lower per-kg SEC due to fixed overhead amortisation. This entry represents the low-throughput end." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.4, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-2b290f", "entry_path": "protein_extrusion/pumpkin_seed/hmme_extrusion", "generator": "protein_extrusion", "substrate": "pumpkin_seed", "technology": "hmme_extrusion", "plant_name": "DIL Quakenbrueck pilot -- Coperion ZSK 43 Mv, HME pumpkin seed flour (Saerens 2021)", "location": "DE", "description": "HMME of pumpkin seed flour at DIL e.V. pilot. Coperion ZSK 43 Mv with cooling die FKD-2100, electric barrel jacket. Feed product 40 kg/h + water 43 L/h = total 83 kg/h; screw speed 1000 rpm; barrel 120-140 deg C; die pressure 17 bar; product temperature at die 116 deg C. Output: wet fibrous extrudate >50 percent moisture content; no drying. Useful yield 96.3 percent (708.48 kg useful / 27.20 kg waste). Pumpkin seed flour from Bio-Pflanzen Westhoff DE oil-mill press-cake.\n\nCAVEAT (P11 hygiene): Saerens 2021 Table 3 HME PS row is verbatim identical to HME Soy (same 0.29 kWh/kg, 23.4 L/kg, 522-min cycle). Either a deliberate shared-cycle assumption or a typesetting copy-paste error. Phase B Sonnet transcript Flag 4 documents this; values adopted with widened uncertainty.\n\nSystem boundary coverage (per §3.15):\n Inputs:\n [x] Electricity -- twin-screw drive (high-shear) + electric barrel jacket\n [x] Heating (thermal) -- zero (electric)\n [x] Process water -- in-barrel injection 43 L/h (high-moisture HME)\n [x] Cooling water -- barrel + FKD-2100 cooling die, open-loop biosphere\n [?] Process chemicals -- [n/a]\n [?] Compressed air -- [n/a]\n [ ] CIP chemicals -- delegated\n [ ] Infrastructure -- delegated\n Outputs:\n [x] Wastewater -- effectively zero (injection retained in wet product)\n [x] Solid waste -- biowaste\n [?] Co-products -- [n/a]\n Direct emissions: [?] Refrigerant [n/a] (cooling die water, not refrigerant), [?] Process [n/a]", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "twin-screw extruder drive (high-shear regime)", "electric barrel jacket heating", "in-barrel water injection (high-moisture)", "cooling die FKD-2100", "barrel + die cooling water (open-loop biosphere)", "warm-up + start-up overhead" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/protein_extrusion/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "saerens_2021_extrusion", "definition", "handled_by_consumables" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "definition", "handled_by_consumables" ], "n_valued_flows": 9, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 4 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 -- primary nominally but Saerens Table 3 row verbatim identical to HME Soy (copy-paste concern). DQ downgraded from 2 to 3.", "completeness": "3 -- all §3.15 categories addressed. Same scope deferrals as siblings.", "temporal": "2 -- 2019-2020.", "geographical": "3 -- DIL Germany.", "technological": "4 -- pilot scale + niche substrate + copy-paste caveat. Min/max widened." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.0, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-32d8f3", "entry_path": "protein_extrusion/pumpkin_seed/lm_extrusion", "generator": "protein_extrusion", "substrate": "pumpkin_seed", "technology": "lm_extrusion", "plant_name": "DIL Quakenbrueck pilot -- Coperion ZSK 43 Mv, TVP pumpkin seed flour (Saerens 2021)", "location": "DE", "description": "Low-moisture extrusion (TVP) of pumpkin seed flour at DIL e.V. pilot. Coperion ZSK 43 Mv, electric barrel jacket (no steam), expansion die ZGF 70. Feed product 77 kg/h + water 13 L/h = total 90 kg/h; screw speed 600 rpm; barrel 130-140 deg C; die pressure 45 bar; product temperature at die 134 deg C. Output: wet TVP at ~20 percent moisture content; drying OUT OF SCOPE. Pumpkin seed flour from Bio-Pflanzen Westhoff DE oil-mill press-cake (56 percent protein in DM). Useful yield 93.1 percent (577.80 kg useful / 43.10 kg waste). Economic allocation on upstream press-cake (Saerens methodology, page 3).\n\nSystem boundary coverage (per §3.15):\n Inputs:\n [x] Electricity -- twin-screw drive + electric barrel jacket\n [x] Heating (thermal) -- zero (electric)\n [x] Process water -- in-barrel injection 13 L/h\n [x] Cooling water -- barrel jacket, open-loop biosphere\n [?] Process chemicals -- [n/a]\n [?] Compressed air -- [n/a]\n [ ] CIP chemicals -- delegated to consumables (pending)\n [ ] Infrastructure -- delegated to infrastructure (pending)\n Outputs:\n [x] Wastewater -- effectively zero\n [x] Solid waste -- biowaste\n [?] Co-products -- [n/a] single-output\n Direct emissions: [?] Refrigerant [n/a], [?] Process [n/a]", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "twin-screw extruder drive", "electric barrel jacket heating", "in-barrel water injection", "knife / venturi die", "barrel cooling (open-loop biosphere)", "warm-up + start-up overhead" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/protein_extrusion/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "saerens_2021_extrusion", "definition", "handled_by_consumables" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "definition", "handled_by_consumables" ], "n_valued_flows": 10, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 2, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary measurement at DIL 2019-2020.", "completeness": "2 -- all §3.15 categories addressed. NG/steam structurally absent. CIP + infrastructure delegated. [?] items resolved as [n/a].", "temporal": "2 -- 2019-2020.", "geographical": "3 -- DIL Germany.", "technological": "3 -- pilot scale; industrial pumpkin-seed-flour TVP is niche." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.4, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-1b815f", "entry_path": "rehydration/juice/cold_dilution", "generator": "rehydration", "substrate": "juice", "technology": "cold_dilution", "plant_name": "Generic juice cold-dilution line (Singh 1980 pump-derived)", "location": "RER", "description": "Generic juice cold-dilution line: water dosing pump + concentrate transfer pump + agitated tank with low-shear blade + outlet pump to next stage (typically pasteurisation). Ambient temperature; no thermal energy. Energy is electricity-only and small. Estimate built from Singh 1980 Table 8 individual-equipment energy values (pump ~6 kWh/shift average, agitator ~15 kWh/shift) summed for a 4-pump + 1-mixer line at the Sacramento Foods plant scale (386 t/shift).", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "water_dosing", "concentrate_pumping", "low_shear_mixing" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/rehydration/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "singh_1980", "definition" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "definition" ], "n_valued_flows": 2, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 3, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 4, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "3 — derived from Singh 1980 individual pump and mixer measurements (each component is a primary measurement at Sacramento Foods plant); the assembly into a 'rehydration line' is an estimate (rehydration line not present at Singh's plant which made paste, not juice from concentrate)", "completeness": "3 — covers electricity for pumping + mixing only. No CIP, no infrastructure, no heating (cold process)", "temporal": "4 — Singh 1979 data for the per-equipment values; modern pumps/mixers are similar order of magnitude", "geographical": "3 — Singh is US plant; pump/mixer technology is internationally standardised so geography matters mainly for grid carbon (handled by BAFU electricity activity)", "technological": "3 — generic cold dilution: dosing pump + agitated tank + outlet pump. Representative of modern juice-from-concentrate plants per industry knowledge" }, "pedigree_mean": 3.2, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-89f75a", "entry_path": "separation/apple/tubular_uf_juice", "generator": "separation", "substrate": "apple", "technology": "tubular_uf_juice", "plant_name": "Bucher 30 t/h apple AJC line -- tubular UF clarification step", "location": "RER", "description": "Tubular ultrafiltration (UF) clarification step from a Bucher 30 t/h industrial apple juice concentrate line. Data from Zimmer 2017 Table 1 per-step energy breakdown. The ultrafiltration step clarifies turbid pressed juice by removing suspended solids (pectin, protein, cell fragments) through a tubular membrane module, producing clear juice permeate as the main output. 100 percent electric process (membrane pumps + recirculation). The original value (1.9 kWh/t apples) is converted to per-kg-input-juice basis via the press yield: 1.9 kWh / 1000 kg apples / 0.80 kg juice/kg apple = 0.002375 kWh/kg pressed juice fed to the ultrafiltration step. The ultrafiltration permeate yield (0.95 industry standard) is applied by the cascade adapter at query time (scale = af / target_yield), not embedded in the pool value.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "membrane module pumps", "recirculation pump", "CIP pumps during cleaning cycles" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/separation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "zimmer_2017", "definition", "khanali_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "definition" ], "n_valued_flows": 3, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 4, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary vendor data from Bucher process engineer (Zimmer 2017). Single plant, single measurement campaign. Published in trade journal (peer-reviewed).", "completeness": "3 -- only electricity reported; no thermal energy, no water, no CIP chemicals. Represents one technology variant (tubular UF) at one scale (30 t/h).", "temporal": "4 -- data from 2017 vintage Bucher equipment. Current generation (2024+) may have incremental efficiency improvements but same order of magnitude.", "geographical": "3 -- European (RER) industrial scale. Technology is internationally standardised; geographic variation is mainly grid carbon intensity (handled by BAFU electricity activity).", "technological": "3 -- tubular UF is representative of industrial apple juice clarification but the electricity value is derived (per-tonne-fruit basis converted to per-kg-output via yield chain assumption, see source_detail)." }, "pedigree_mean": 3.0, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-ce3cdb", "entry_path": "separation/faba_bean/dry_fractionation_protein", "generator": "separation", "substrate": "faba_bean", "technology": "dry_fractionation_protein", "plant_name": "IMPROVE SAS pilot, faba bean (variety C9863) air classification", "location": "FR", "description": "Dry protein fractionation of faba bean flour by air classification, same equipment as the pea entry. Light fraction yield is substantially higher for faba (~33 percent mass) than pea (~15 percent mass), reflecting faba's higher native protein content. With the post-2026-06-05 per-kg-flour-input basis the two entries converge at ~0.099 kWh/kg flour input -- the classifier electricity intensity is equipment-stable; substrate-side yield variation drives cascade-output (per kg light fraction) differences, applied by the cascade adapter at query time. Pre-treatment excluded.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "air classification (Hosokawa Alpine 70 ZPS + 70 APS, 9000 rpm)" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/separation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "guyomarch_2025", "definition", "vogelsang_odwyer_2020", "heusala_2020", "lie_piang_2021" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "definition" ], "n_valued_flows": 6, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary semi-industrial pilot data (IMPROVE SAS).", "completeness": "3 -- electricity only.", "temporal": "2 -- 2024 production.", "geographical": "3 -- French pilot, EU equipment.", "technological": "3 -- semi-industrial pilot. Same equipment as pea entry; differences in per-kg-output reflect substrate yield." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.6, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 }, { "review_id": "R-abfbf8", "entry_path": "separation/pea/dry_fractionation_protein", "generator": "separation", "substrate": "pea", "technology": "dry_fractionation_protein", "plant_name": "IMPROVE SAS pilot, pea (variety C9861) air classification", "location": "FR", "description": "Dry protein fractionation by air classification of finely milled pea flour. Output is light fraction (protein concentrate ~67.7% protein DM) + heavy fraction (starch concentrate ~22.2% protein DM). Pre-treatment (cleaning, dehulling, grinding, micronisation) explicitly excluded -- assigned to upstream dehulling + milling generators (planned per WORK_NOTES roadmap). Pool entry covers Operation 7 (Classification) only: Hosokawa Alpine 70 ZPS + 70 APS classifier at 9000 rpm, 6 h batch, 0.75 kW classifier power. Data: Guyomarc'h 2025 SI Excel.", "verification_status": "", "low_confidence": false, "included_processes": [ "air classification (Hosokawa Alpine 70 ZPS + 70 APS, 9000 rpm)" ], "pool_file": "data/parameters/separation/process_exchanges.json", "sources": [ "guyomarch_2025", "definition", "lie_piang_2021", "heusala_2020", "vogelsang_odwyer_2020" ], "undeclared_sources": [ "definition" ], "n_valued_flows": 7, "n_gap_filled_flows": 0, "pedigree_present": true, "pedigree": { "reliability": 2, "completeness": 3, "temporal": 2, "geographical": 3, "technological": 3 }, "pedigree_rationale": { "reliability": "2 -- primary semi-industrial pilot data (IMPROVE SAS), electricity calculated from nominal classifier power x measured runtime.", "completeness": "3 -- electricity only (dry process, no water/chemicals/heat). No CIP allocated to this step.", "temporal": "2 -- 2024 production, published 2025.", "geographical": "3 -- French pilot, EU-representative equipment.", "technological": "3 -- semi-industrial pilot scale (45.5 kg flour batch, 6 h). Industrial classifiers operate continuously and at much higher throughput; per-kg-output electricity is correspondingly lower (~10-20x reduction expected). Min reflects industrial scale; max reflects pilot upper bound." }, "pedigree_mean": 2.6, "used_by": [], "n_used_by": 0, "review_status": "unreviewed", "used_by_categories": [], "n_used_by_products": 0 } ] }